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| In a relationship that a sentence describes, the function served by the thing denoted by some constituent (such as agent, patient, instrument, theme, experiencer, source or recipient). |
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| person, animal, etc., that does the action |
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| the thing that the action happens to |
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| the thing involved in performing the action (but not the agent) |
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| the thing that is in a state or location or undergoes change |
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| animate beings that has some kind of perceptual or mental experience |
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| where a change of possession begins |
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| individual that comes into possession of something |
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| Syntactic (Lexical) Category |
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| Class of words grouped together based on morphological and syntactic properties. (Traditionally known as part of speech.) |
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| Grouping of words that form a discreet coherent syntactic unit. |
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| The dominance relationship among elements in a word, phrase, or sentence. |
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| A characteristic of phrases that have more than one possible constituent structure and therefore more than one semantic interpretation. |
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| Lexical category into which new members are often introduced. |
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| Lexical category in which the members are fairly rigidly established and additions are made very seldomly and only over very long periods of time. |
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| A group of words that work together to create a single syntactic constituent, generally larger than a single word, but smaller than a sentence. |
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| Rule that shows the possible (i.e., grammatical) relationships between phrasal categories and the words or phrasal categories they are made from. |
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| Property of languages allowing for the repeated application of a rule, yielding infinitly long sentences or an infinite number of sentences. |
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| A syntactic process by which (in English) a constituent moves to the beginning of a sentence in order to indicate that it tells the topic under discussion. Also a test for syntactic constituency in which a group of words is relocared to the beginning of a sentence. |
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| The constituent veb from which a phrase is named and which determines the syntactic properties of the phrase (e.g.,in a verb phrase, the head is the verb;in a noun phrase, the head is the noun). |
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| A syntactic type of language in which the head word of a phrase appears at the end of a phrase. |
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| A syntactic typer of language in which the head word of a phrase appears at the beginning of a phrase. |
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| test for constituency; take a single word or a simple phrase and substitute it for a longer phrase , therby showing that the longer pfrase is infact a single unit |
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| test for constituency; simply leave out a phrase |
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| test for constituency; another name for topicalization |
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| Verb that takes both a subject noun phrase and an object noun phrase. |
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| Verb that takes only subject noun phrases and no object noun phrases. |
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| (in Chinese, Japanese, and other languages) a word or morpheme that corresponds to a semantic class of nouns and regularly accompanies any noun of that class in certain syntactic constructions, such as those of numeration. Every object is assigned a category corresponding to the appropriate classificatory word or affix. |
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Term
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Definition
Grammar. a. a category in the inflection of nouns, pronouns, and adjectives, noting the syntactic relation of these words to other words in the sentence, indicated by the form or the position of the words.
b. a set of such categories in a particular language.
c. the meaning of or the meaning typical of such a category.
d. such categories or their meanings collectively. |
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| (in certain inflected languages, as Sanskrit, Latin, and Russian) noting a case having as its function the indication of the subject of a finite verb, as in Latin Nauta bonus est “The sailor is good,” with nauta “sailor” in the nominative case. |
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| Linguistics. pertaining to a type of language in which there is an accusative case or in which subjects of transitive verbs behave the same way as subjects of intransitive verbs. |
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| Linguistics. pertaining to a type of language that has an ergative case or in which the direct object of a transitive verb has the same form as the subject of an intransitive verb. |
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| noting or pertaining to the grammatical case or inflectional form of the subject of an intransitive verb and the direct object of a transitive verb in an ergative language such as Inuit. |
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| an endocentric construction is a grammatical construction that fulfills the same linguistic function as one of its constituents. An endocentric construction consists of an obligatory head and one or more optional, dependent words, whose presence serves to narrow the meaning of the head. |
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it refers to phrases and compound words which are not the same part of speech as their constituents.
For example, the word "shortcoming" is exocentric, since it is a noun, but its two constituents are an adjective and a verb. |
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| made up of sequences of free morphemes - each word consists of a single morpheme, used by itself with meaning and function intact |
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| bound morphemes are attached to other morphemes, so a word may be made up of several meaningful elements |
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| type of synthetic language; morphemes are joined together relatively "loosely," it is usually easy to determine where the boundaries of the morphemes are |
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| type of synthetic language; words are formed by adding bound morphemes to stems, may not be eay to separate from the stem (Spanish, English) a fusion of morphemes |
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| type of synthetic language; highly complex words may be formed by combining several stems and affixes; usually a matter of making nouns into parts of the verb forms (incorporation!) |
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| smallest linguistic unit that has meaning or function |
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| The process of creating words out of other words. (cat > catty) |
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| The creation of different grammatical forms of words. (cat > cats) |
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| Morpheme that can stand alone as a word. |
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| Morpheme that always attaches to other morphemes, never existing as a word itself. |
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| Morpheme that carries semantic content (as opposed to merely performing a grammatical function.) Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs. |
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| Morpheme that provides information about the grammatical relationship between words in a sentence. Determiners, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions. |
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| A closed set of morphemes that indicate something about the nouns they appear with, such as definiteness, quantity, or ownership. |
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| A grammatical function word that precedes the phrase with which is associated in order to give information about grammatical relations. |
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| Verb whose function is primarily to add grammatical information to an utterance, usually indicating tense, aspect, or other grammatical information that is not conveyed by the main verb of the sentence. |
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| A closed lexical class of words that may stand in for a noun phrase or refer to some entity previously mentioned or assumed in the discourse. |
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| Function word that joins words or phrases of the same category. |
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| refers to a psychological state |
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| one where the grammatical marks showing relations between different constituents of a phrase tend to be placed on the heads (or nuclei) of the phrase in question, rather than the modifiers or dependents. |
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| reversal of the order of certain morphemes causes inverse interpretations of meaning. |
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| dependent marking language |
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| A relation between two items is marked on the DEPENDENT (for example, the subject of a verb, or on the possesser in a possessive NP) |
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| Incorporation is a phenomenon by which a word, usually a verb, forms a kind of compound with, for instance, its direct object or adverbial modifier, while retaining its original syntactic function. |
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| When an unaccusative intransitive verb(i.e. Type II:manner of motion; step, run, crawl, roll)is used passively. As there is no object, it is not a true passive sentence but rather a _. |
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| in ergative languages, turns a transitive verb into a intransitive verb, therby changing the case markings. |
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| no disernable change; V hide > N hide > V hide |
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| A subdivision that has common differentiating characteristics within a larger category. |
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| Eragative Absolutive case markings |
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| Subject of intransitive verb and object of transitive verb are in the absolutive case. Subject of a a transitive verb are in the ergative case. |
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