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MorganSquaredHatesScience
Bickford
68
Science
Undergraduate 3
02/27/2013

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Cards

Term
Speed/Velocity
Definition

v = d/t     (distance / time)

meters/second


Term
Acceleration
Definition

a = (v2-v1)/t  

  meters/second^2 

Term
Height of a falling object
Definition

hfalling object = 1/2gt2  

meters

Term
Force
Definition

f=ma

N, Newton

Term
Weight
Definition

wt=mg

Newton, Pound

Term
Force (centripetal)
Definition

fcentripetal = mv2/r]

N, Newton

Term
Work
Definition

W=fd

Joule

Term
Power
Definition

p=w/t

Watts

Term
Kinetic Energy (In Motion)
Definition

Ek = ½ mv2 (1/2xMassxVelocity2)

Joule

Term
Potential Energy (Stored)
Definition

Ep = mgh (mass xheight xgravity)

Joule

Term
Total Energy
Definition

Et = Ek + Ep (Kinetic + Potential)

Joule

Term
Momentum
Definition
p = mv (mass x velocity)
Term
Percent Efficiency
Definition
% efficiency = Wout/Win x100%
Term
Kelvin Heat
Definition

TK = ToC + 273 (Celsius + 273)

Kelvin

Term
Heat
Definition

Q = m x c x T (Mass x Specific heat x Change in Heat)

Joules, BTUs, Calories

Term
State Change
Definition
Q = m x L
Term
Impulse (change in momentum)
Definition
I = F x t (force x time)
Term
Acceleration due to gravity
Definition
9.8 m/s²
Term
Specific and Latent Heats
Definition
cwater = 4.2 J/g Co, Lfusion = 335 J/g, Lvaporization = 2260 J/g
Term
Fahrenheit
Definition

Boiling: 212 degrees

Freezing 32 degrees

Room: 70 degrees

Term
Celsius
Definition

Boiling: 100 degrees

Freezing: 0 degrees

Room: 20

Term
Kelvin
Definition

Celsius + 273

 0 Absolute Zero

Term
What is required for work to be done?
Definition

work happens when a force is applied through distance. Ex: a book falling, picking it back up and putting on lab table. How much work was needed?

Term
Energy is:
Definition
the ability to do work. Energy can go through transformations from Potential to Kinetic.
Term
Potential Energy
Definition

Stored energy

ex. a loaded spring

Term
Kinetic Energy
Definition
Energy in motion
Term
Conservation of Energy
Definition
:  total energy of an isolated system remains constant. Law of Conservation of Energy- energy cannot be created or destroyed it can only change forms.
Term
Power
Definition

The rate of doing work

work/time

Term
Apply the law of conservation of linear and angular momentum
Definition
Angular momentum- object going in a circle has a regular momentum. Law of conservation of angular momentum- in a system, angular momentum remains constant.
Term
Impulse and real world situations
Definition
The change in momentum, If time is short then force is large, and if time increases then the force decreases.
Term
Incline Plane
Definition

Get more force out then put in, but have to go over a greater distance.

ex. ramp

Term
Screw
Definition

Incline plane wrapped around a pole.

ex. winding staircase

Term
Wedge
Definition
ex. Knife blade
Term
Levers
Definition
3 parts: 1) effort arm (f in) 2) resistance (load, f out) 3) fulcrum (pivot point)
Term
First Class Levers
Definition
Fulcrum is located between effort and resistance arm. Ex. Crow Bar. Purpose: Increase force, change direction, and get more distance.
Term
Second Class Levers
Definition
Resistance arm is located between effort and fulcrum. Ex. Wheel Barrel. Purpose: increase force (more f out then in)
Term
Third Class Levers
Definition
Effort located between fulcrum and resistance. Ex. Purpose: to increase distance (or speed) out compared to what’s in.
Term
Pulley
Definition

1.       ex. Flag Pole- 1st class lever- fulcrum is the wheel.

a.       Simple Fixed Pulley: no mechanical advantage. Purpose: change direction.

 b.   Compound with Moveable Pulley: increase force out but cover more distance (put in)

Term
Wheel and Axle
Definition
ex. Small Wheel touching Big Wheel- Big wheel and smaller connected at picot point (1st class lever)
Term
% efficiency 
Definition
Ideal World (no friction)- W-out=W-in Real World (with friction) W-out < W-in (<- lost as heat)  %efficiency= W-out/ W-in x 100%
Term
Simple machine and the amount of work that you have to do plus the trade-off
Definition
The amount of work put in does not change, but with simple machines the amount of effort decreases. Spreading the work over a greater distance 
Term
Temperature vs. Heat
Definition

Temperature:

Heat:

Definition: a measure of hotness or coldness. Measure of average Kinetic energy of particles in a substance

Units: °C, °F, K

How to measure: Thermometer

Definition: a form of energy (thermal energy)

 

 

Units: Joules, BTU’s, Calories

How to measure: no device for direct measure

Term
Kelvin Scale
Definition
Celsius + 273 = Kelvin
Term
What happens to the size of a substance when you heat or cool it?
Definition
When something freezes into a solid it usually expands and then when it is melted to a liquid it usually decreases in size. Water behaves differently than most substances.
Term
States of Matter:
Definition

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Plasma

Term
Solid
Definition
has constant shape and volume, particles are closed and hold in a fixed arrangement.
Term
Liquid
Definition
takes shape of its container, but has constant volume. Particles are closed, but free to move around each other.
Term
Gas
Definition
takes shape and volume of container particles are far apart and move independently of each other.
Term
Plasma
Definition
“gas like”, high energy.
Term
What happens to the temperature when you heat a substance?
Definition
The temperature rises.
Term
What happens to the temperature of a substance when it is changing states?
Definition
The temperature remains the same.
Term
Liquid > Gas
Definition
Evaporation
Term
Liquid>Solid
Definition
Freezing
Term
Solid>Liquid
Definition
Melting
Term
Gas>Liquid
Definition
Condensation
Term
Solid>Gas
Definition
Sublimation
Term
Gas>Solid
Definition
Deposition
Term
Latent Heat
Definition
the amount of heat energy necessary to change the state of a substance.
Term

Latent Heat

Fusion

Definition
heat energy needed for freezing or melting
Term

Latent Heat

Vaporization

Definition
heat energy for vaporization or condensation
Term
Direction of Heat flow
Definition
heat energy moves any direction as long as going from high temp to low temp, hot air rises, not heat.
Term
Ways heat can be transferred?
Definition
Conduction, Convection, Radiation
Term
Conduction
Definition

when particles are touching

ex. metal

Term
Convection
Definition

heat energy is transferred by the movement of a large amount of fluid (gas or liquid) that mixes with fluid of a different temperature

ex. stirring a pot

Term
Radiation
Definition
heat energy transfers via electromagnetic radiation- can travel through a vacuum
Term
Conductors and Insulators
Definition

Good Conductors:

Good Insulators:

Metals

Plastic, Wood, Fluffy stuff

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