Term
| What is classical conditioning? |
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Definition
| A form of learning with a neutral stimulus that is paired with a stimulus that leads to a reflexive response. |
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Term
| What refers to a range of tasks that the child cannot yet handle alone but can do with the help of more skilled partners? |
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Definition
| Zone of proximal development |
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Term
| What perspective states that babies are born with a set of innate knowledge systems or core domains of thought? |
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Definition
| Core knowledge perspective |
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Term
| What two processes are in Piaget's Theory? |
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Definition
| Adaptation and organization |
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Term
| What was Piaget's thoughts on infants? |
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Definition
| They 'think' with their eyes, ears, hands, and other sensoriomotor equipment. |
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Term
| What is operant conditioning? |
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Definition
| Infants act or 'operate' on the environment and stimuli that follow their behavioral change. |
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Term
| An unconditional stimulus consistently produces what? |
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Definition
| Unconditioned response (UCR) |
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Term
| What response is elected from a conditioned stimulus? |
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Definition
| Conditioned response (CR) |
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Term
| What is punishment in operant conditioning? |
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Definition
| A presentation of an unpleasant outcome to decrease the occurrence of the response. |
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Term
| What does nature vs. nurture mean? |
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Definition
| Natural development is based solely on influences of hereditary (Freud). Nurture development is based on influences of the environment. |
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Term
| What is the specific psychological or organizational way of making sense of an experience called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four stages to Piaget's cognitive development? |
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Definition
1. Sensoriomotor (birth to 1 year)
2. Preoperational (2-6 years)
3. Concrete operational (711 years)
4. Formal operational (12 years and above). |
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Term
| What does positive punishment mean? |
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Definition
| Administration of a negative stimulus. |
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Term
| What is a stimulus that increases the occurrence of a response? |
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Definition
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Term
| Melissa believes in the popular saying 'out of sight, out of mind'. she wishes to find empirical evidence for this saying through a research study. As part of her study, she must write a(an) _______ statement that proposes an explanation. |
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Definition
As part of her research, Melissa must write a hypothesis statement.
A hypothesis statement is the cornerstone of a research project. To test an idea, a hypothesis statement makes a testable prediction about the independent and dependant variables in the study. If Melissa's research shows that objects that are not in constant or direct view are easily forgotten, then her hypothesis statement is supported through evidence. Research results could support or not support the hypothesis statement. |
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Term
| At the core of human development is the acquisition of new knowledge and behaviors. This theory statement is central to the work of _____. |
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Definition
B.F. Skinner's theory states that the acquisition of new knowledge and behaviors is central to human development.
To develop, humans have to gain new knowledge and behaviors. For example, to gain the benefits of socialization with other people, a child learns to be helpful and generous. Helpful behavior encourages others to offer help in return. Similarly, gaining new knowledge through study or training develops a person's work skills and earning potential. |
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Term
| Which of the following is a theory of personality that emphasizes free will and human agency? |
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Definition
Humanism is a theory of personality that emphasizes free will and human agency in directing personal behavior.
Humanism is a theory of personality that came about to account for the role of free will in how people behave. Unlike theories such as psychoanalysis which emphasize unconscious motives and desires, humanism considers human beings active and present agents in their own behavior. For example, the need to pursue professional success is understood in humanism as just that, a need for the person to succeed. Other theories may emphasize the role of parental instruction and influence or hidden desires. |
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Term
| Research questions are important in a study because __________. |
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Definition
Research questions are important in a study because they guide the type of data that must be collected.
Research questions are essential in the design of studies because they guide researchers in the direction of data collection and analysis. For example, if studying the effect fat content in food on weight gained, a number of reserch questions can be developed. One such question is: how much fat intake in grams per day will result in a weight gain of at least ten pounds over a month? Another question could be: how much fat intake is healthy for two groups of people, children and the elderly? |
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Term
| Describe the proximodistal trend. |
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Definition
| Near to Far. From the center of the body outward. |
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Term
| How many neurons or 'nerve cells' does the brain have? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is synaptic pruning? |
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Definition
| Neurons that are seldom stimulated will soon lose their synapse and synaptic pruning will return neurons not needed at the moment to an uncommitted state to support future development. |
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Term
| What causes the dramatic increase in brain size during the first 2 years? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the percentage and average growth (in inches) of an infant by the end of the first year? |
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Definition
| 50% greater than at birth and 32 inches. |
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Term
| What is the right hemisphere responsible for in the cerebral cortex? |
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Definition
| Spatial abilities and negative emotions. |
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Term
| Glial cells make up how much of the brain's volume? |
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Definition
| Half of the brain's volume |
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Term
| By what age does an infant's weight triple? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are neurotransmitters? |
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Definition
| Chemical release from neurons used to send messages to one another. They cross the synapse. |
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Term
| At what age do reflexive schemes occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| Once you reach a certain age, what happens to the neurons in your brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the percentage and average growth (in inches) of an infant by the end of the second year? |
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Definition
| 75% greater than at birth and 36 inches |
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Term
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Definition
| The coating of neural fibers with an insulating fatty sheath that improves the efficiency of a message transfer. |
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Term
| What is the least developed motor skill of an infant? |
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Definition
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Term
| Specialization of the two hemispheres in the cerebral cortex is called what? |
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Definition
| Lateralization: helps humans to cope better. |
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Term
| Describe the cephalocaudal trend. |
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Definition
| Head to tail. During the prenatal period the head develops more rapidly than the lower part of the body. |
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Term
| What are the tiny gaps where fibers from different neurons come close together but do not touch? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Store and transmit information |
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Term
| By what age does an infant's weight double? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most developed motor skill of an infant? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the left hemisphere responsible for in the cerebral cortex? |
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Definition
| Verbal abilities and positive emotion |
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Term
| Describe the proximodistal trend |
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Definition
| Near to far. From the center of the body outward. |
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Term
| At what age does visual acuity peak? |
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Definition
| Six months, it continues to grow thorughout the first year. |
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Term
| What helps us understand running streams of light, sound, tactile, odor and taste information by perceiving objects and events as unified wholes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the first depth cue in which infants are sensitive? |
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Definition
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Term
| What refers to the gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation? |
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Definition
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Term
| In vision, what do infants lack? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is more challenging because it involves remembering something not present? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who proposed that infants had a language acquisition device (LAD) that would enable them to acquire language by being exposed to it? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an innate system that contains a set of rules common to all languages? |
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Definition
| Language acquisition device (LAD) |
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Term
| What happens in accommodation? |
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Definition
| We create new schemes or adjust old ones after noticing that our current way of thinking does not capture the environment completely. |
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Term
| What happens during assimilation? |
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Definition
| We use our current schemes to interpret the external world. |
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Term
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Definition
| Building schemes through direct interaction with the environment. |
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Term
| Where do we actively apply mental strategies as we 'work' on a limited amount of information? |
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Definition
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