Term
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Definition
| a person only experiences depression, no mania |
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Term
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Definition
| a loss of interest in most things in life, even normally pleasurable activities |
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Term
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Definition
| disorder involving a sad mood or anhedonia plus four or more of the following symptoms: weight loss or a decrease in appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness or sever guilt, trouble concentrating, and suicidal ideation; must be present for at least two weeks and must impair normal functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| type of depression that is less severe than major depression but more chronic; diagnosis requires the presence of a sad mood or anhedonia, plus two other symptoms of depression for at least two years (during which there can be no more than a two month gap bw symptoms) |
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Term
| seasonal affective disorder (SAD) |
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Definition
| disorder personified by a two year period in which a person experiences major depression during winter months and then recovers fully during the summer; some ppl with this disorder also experience mild mania during the summer; amount of sunlight in the day may have a huge affect on this disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| major depressive episodes can occur but not necessary for diagnosis, full criteria for mania diagnosis, and hypomanic episodes may occur bw the two extremes |
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Term
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Definition
| major depressive episodes, no episodes meeting full criteria for mania, and occurrence of hypomanic episodes |
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Term
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Definition
| milder form of mania, same symptoms they just aren't severe enough to interfere with daily functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| a less severe but more chronic form of bipolar disorder; alternates bw hypomania and moderate depression over a two year period |
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Term
| rapid cycling bipolar disorder |
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Definition
| a person has four or more cycles of mania and depression within a year |
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Term
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Definition
| neurotransmitters most associated with mood disorders; ex) norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine |
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Term
| monoamine theories of depression |
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Definition
| theories that low levels of monoamines (especially norepinephrine and serotonin) cause depression; and excessive or imbalanced levels of monoamines (particularly dopamine) cause mania |
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Term
| Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA Axis) |
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Definition
| three key components of the neuroendocrine system that work together in a feedback system interconnected with the limbic system and the cerebral cortex; depressed ppl show chronic hyperactivity and slow return to baseline after a stressor (affecting the functioning of neurotransmitters) |
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Term
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Definition
| major stress hormone, helps the body respond to the stressor by making it possible to fight the stressor or flee from it |
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Term
| premenstrual dysphoric disorder |
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Definition
| syndrome in which a woman experiences an increase in depressive symptoms during the premenstrual period and relief from these symptoms w menstruation |
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Term
| behavioral theory of depression (Lewinsohn's theory) |
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Definition
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Term
| learned helplessness theory |
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Definition
| depressed people lack control, which leads to the belief that they are helpless, which leads to depressive symptoms |
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Term
| Aaron Beck's cognitive theory |
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Definition
| depressed people have a negative cognitive triad of beliefs about the self, the world, and the future; which is maintained by distorted thinking |
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Term
| reformulated learned helplessness theory |
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Definition
| depressed people have the tendency to attribute events to internal, stable, and global factors, which contributes to depression; expect negative events to happen in their life |
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Term
| ruminative response styles theory |
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Definition
| depressed people tend to ruminate about their symptoms and problems |
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Term
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Definition
| an explanation of why an event happened; if we blame ourselves depression may set in |
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Term
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Definition
| phenomenon whereby depressed people make more realistic judgments as to whether they can control actually uncontrollable events then do nondepressed people, who exhibit an illusion of control over the same events |
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Term
| introjected hostility theory |
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Definition
| Freud's theory explaining how depressive people, being too frightened to express their rage for their rejection outwardly, turn their anger inward on parts of their own egos; their self-blame and punishment is actually intended for others who have abandoned them |
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Term
| interpersonal theories of depression |
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Definition
| concerned with people's close relationships and their roles within those relationships |
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Term
| contingencies of self-worth |
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Definition
| children with insecure attachments develop expectations that they must be or do certain things to gain the approval of others |
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Term
| excessive reassurance seeking |
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Definition
| ppl insecure in relationships, constantly looking for assurances from others that they are accepted and loved |
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Term
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Definition
| people born in one historical period are at different risk for a disorder than are people born in another historical period |
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Term
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Definition
| experiencing both major depression and dysthemic disorder; chronically dysthemic with occasional episodes of major depression |
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