Term
| What are the anatomical characteristics of primates? (5) |
|
Definition
Large brains
Eyes encased in bone
Generalized teeth
grasping hands and feet
generalized body plan |
|
|
Term
| What do eyes encased in bone cause? |
|
Definition
Forward facing eyes
Stereoscopic vision (depth perception) |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of generalized teeth? |
|
Definition
Front (Incisors) -
Canine
Premolar
Molars |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chew - most chewing occurs here |
|
|
Term
| What are the traits of primate hands and feet? |
|
Definition
Flattened nails (not claws)
Five elongated digits
Opposable thumb
Tactile fingertips |
|
|
Term
| What grip will pull or carry? |
|
Definition
Power Grip
(enabled by opposable thumb) |
|
|
Term
| What grip will pick up a coin? |
|
Definition
Precision Grip
(enabled by opposable thumb) |
|
|
Term
| What characteristics apply to primate life histories? |
|
Definition
Single offspring
Expanded Ontogeny |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is caused by extended ontogeny? (2) |
|
Definition
Each division of the life cycle has an extended length of time (gestation, infancy, subadult, adult)
High degree of parental investment |
|
|
Term
| What are the two suborders of primates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Prosimian mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main taxonomic traits of Prosimians? (7) |
|
Definition
Nocturnal
Rhinarium
Smaller brains than other primates relative to body size
Protruding incisors and canines
Claw on at least one digit
Small body size
Vertical clingers and leapers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do we call protruding incisors and canines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the typical size of a prosimian? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do vertical clingers and leapers live? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the traits of a prosimians legs? |
|
Definition
they are long
They can't walk, just jump |
|
|
Term
| What traits do prosimians have due to being nocturnal? |
|
Definition
Large eyes
Tapetum lucidum
Depend more on the sense of smell (Rhinarium) |
|
|
Term
| What is the Tapetum lucidum? |
|
Definition
| This is the reflective layer in back of the eye of prosimians; it reflects light back and increases ability to see at night |
|
|
Term
| Which primates are anthropoids? |
|
Definition
| All monkeys, apes, humans |
|
|
Term
| What are the main taxonomic traits of anthropoids? (4) |
|
Definition
Majority have larger bodies
Larger more complex brains
Mostly diurnal
Quadrupedal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What taxonomic traits accompany anthropoids being diurnal? |
|
Definition
Rely more on vision than smell
* Reduced rhinarium (nasal area close to face)
* smaller eyes |
|
|
Term
| What are the subdivisions of anthropoids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the common name for the taxonomic name Platyrrhine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the common name for the taxonomic name Catarhine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can we tell a platyrrhine from a catarrhine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the nose shape of a platyrrhine? |
|
Definition
Oval nostrils which angle to the side, flat in center
Plat rhymes with flat |
|
|
Term
| What is the nose shape of a catarrhine? |
|
Definition
| elongated nostrils, lower part is pinched |
|
|
Term
| Where do Platyrhines live? |
|
Definition
| lower Mexico and South American rain forests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do platyrrhines have tails? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do catarrhines have tails? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the categories of apes? |
|
Definition
| chimps, bonobos, gorillas, orangutans, gibbons, and humans |
|
|
Term
| Five characteristics of primates |
|
Definition
Large brains
Eyes encased in bone
Generalized teeth (specialized)
Grasping hands and feet
Generalized body plan (flexible, not rigid) |
|
|
Term
| Name the four types of primate generalized teeth |
|
Definition
Incisors (bite)
Canine (shred)
Premolars (grip and chew)
Molars (Most chewing) |
|
|
Term
| What is the primate generalized body plan? |
|
Definition
Lots of flexibility - Spinal column with fixed and flexible areas
Collarbone
Opposable thumbs |
|
|
Term
| What are the traits of Primates grasping hands and feet? |
|
Definition
Flattened nails (not claws)
Five elongated digits
Opposable thumbs
Tactile fingertips (helps with grip) |
|
|
Term
| What types of grips do primates have? |
|
Definition
Power Grip (to pull and carry)
Precision Grip (to pick up small objects) |
|
|
Term
| What allows primates to have grip? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main primate characteristics? (four) |
|
Definition
Single offspring
Extended ontogeny
Each division of life has an extended time
High degree of parental investment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give examples of life divisions |
|
Definition
gestation
infancy
subadult
adult |
|
|
Term
| What are the two suborders of primates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does prosimian mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are prosimians found in the Americas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What characteristics do prosimians share? |
|
Definition
Many are nocturnal
They have smaller brains than other primates, relative to body size
Protruding incisors and canines (Dental comb)
Claw on at least one digit
Small body size
Vertical clingers and leapers |
|
|
Term
| Where do Tarsiers belong in primate taxonomy? |
|
Definition
| Varies; will be prosimians for class |
|
|
Term
| What are the traits of nocturnal prosimians? |
|
Definition
large eyes
Tapetum lucidum (eye reflects light); sees in black and white
Rhinarium (snout, with a moist nose); relies mostly on sense of smell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An eye that reflects light at night (typically yellow) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A snout with a moist nose |
|
|
Term
| What is the size of the largest prosimian? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the short cuts for recognizing a prosimian? |
|
Definition
small-bodied
grooming claw on hand |
|
|
Term
| What animals are included as anthropoids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the general characteristics of anthropoids? |
|
Definition
Majority have larger bodies
Larger, more complex brains
Mostly Diurnal
Rely more on vision than smell
Quadrupedal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What traits of anthropoids cause them to rely more on vision than smell? |
|
Definition
reduced rhinarium (nasal area flesh is close to the face)
smaller eyes |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of anthropoids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the common name for the taxonomic name platyrrhines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the common name for the taxonomic name Catarrhines? |
|
Definition
| Old World Monkeys, Apes, Humans |
|
|
Term
Be able to look at a nose and know anthropoid types.
Which has elongated nostrils, with a pinched lower part? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Be able to look at a nose and know anthropoid types.
Which has oval nostrils, that is flat in the center, with the nostrils angled to the side? |
|
Definition
Platyrrhines
(flat rhymes with plat) |
|
|
Term
| What is the taxonomy category over platyrrhines and catarrhines? |
|
Definition
Anthropoids
Includes all monkeys, apes and humans |
|
|
Term
| What is the order over the two suborders Prosimii and Anthropoidea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the types of monkeys? |
|
Definition
New world Monkeys (platyrrhini)
Old world monkeys (catarrhines) |
|
|
Term
| What are the traits of Platyrrhini? |
|
Definition
New World Monkeys
are small bodied, arboreal
dental formula 2:1:3;3
Prehensile tail (some species) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the body shape of Platyrrhini? |
|
Definition
New World Monkeys are arboreal quadrupeds.
Long legs in back, short arms in front.
This gives a lower center of gravity so helps balance.
May be on ground briefly only. |
|
|
Term
| What is mean by the term arboreal quadruped? |
|
Definition
| Lives in trees but bears weight on all four feet |
|
|
Term
| What does the prehensile tail of platyrrhinis look like? |
|
Definition
| It can grasp, is calloused and hairless on the inside |
|
|
Term
| What does a prehensile tail do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the traits of catarrhines? |
|
Definition
Old World Monkeys have
greater body size variation
dental formula 2:1:2:3 (one less premolar)
Bilophodont molars
More sexual dimorphism
Nonprehensile tails
Quadrapedal: arboreal & terrestrial |
|
|
Term
| What number and kind of teeth are found in a quadrant of a catarrhines mouth? |
|
Definition
2:1:2:3
2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars |
|
|
Term
| What number and kind of teeth are found in a quadrant of a platarrhines mouth? |
|
Definition
2:1:3:3
2 incisors, 1 canine, 3 premolars, 3 molars |
|
|
Term
| What does it mean when a mouth ratio looks like four numbers on top as a fraction of four numbers on the bottom? |
|
Definition
| The top quadrants differ from the bottom teeth |
|
|
Term
| What is a bilophodont molar? |
|
Definition
| This molar has four cusps, paired in front and back. The front cusps are connected by a ridge of enamel. The back cusps are connected by a ridge of enamel. |
|
|
Term
| What is sexual dimorphism? |
|
Definition
| A size difference between male / female. Some male catarrhines are twice as big as the females. |
|
|
Term
| What are identifying traits of terrestrial quadrapeds? |
|
Definition
| The legs and arms are the same lengths. The head and eyes face the horizon. |
|
|
Term
| What are two groups of old world monkeys? |
|
Definition
| Colobines & Cercophitecines |
|
|
Term
| What are the traits of Colobines? |
|
Definition
They eat leaves
They have sharp shearing molars and sacculated stomachs |
|
|
Term
| What is a sacculated stomach? |
|
Definition
a large, multi-chambered stomach.
Different enzymes break down the foods in the different chambers before passing into the intestine |
|
|
Term
| What are ischial callosities? |
|
Definition
| These are calloused fat pads on the hip bones. These cushion the bone. |
|
|
Term
| What are the traits of Cercophithecines? |
|
Definition
Their diverse diet includes fruit
They have rounded, low cusp molars; some have cheek pouches
females have sexual swelling during ovulation |
|
|
Term
| What animals are considered Hominoids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the lessor apes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzee, bonobo |
|
|
Term
| What are the common characteristics of apes? |
|
Definition
Larger brain relative to body size
Dental formula 2:1:2:3
Y-5 Molar pattern
Brachiating ability
Limb proportions - arms longer than legs
No tails |
|
|
Term
| What does an apes larger brain cause? |
|
Definition
| complex social interactions |
|
|
Term
| What is a Y-5 molar pattern? |
|
Definition
| The molar has five cusps, making a Y shape with the stem of the Y at a right angle to the tongue |
|
|
Term
| What is brachiating ability? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does an adult monkey have brachiating ability? |
|
Definition
No - it does not have full shoulder rotation
It has a narrow rib cage; clavical (shoulder blade) is closer to front
Scapula (collar bone) is on the side of the rib cage |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of Gibbons? |
|
Definition
These lesser apes
lack sexual dimorphism
form monogamous pairs
Duet
Are "true" brachiators |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Female and Male vocalize together to defend their territory |
|
|
Term
| What is a "true brachiator"? |
|
Definition
| Arms are their primary form of locomotion |
|
|
Term
| What are the Great Apes in Asia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Orangutan mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of Orangutans? (6) |
|
Definition
Large bodied animals
Highly sexually dimorphic
Arboreal
Frugivorous
Solitary social structure
Forced copulations
Primary forms of locomotion are quadrumanial |
|
|
Term
| What is the size of an adult Orangutan? |
|
Definition
| Males 200 pounds, females 100 pounds |
|
|
Term
| What facial feature to male orangutans have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does frugivous mean? |
|
Definition
| fruit-eaters (this is the bulk of an Orangutans diet) |
|
|
Term
| what does forced copulation mean |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does quadrumanial mean? |
|
Definition
identical hands and feet
An Orangutan does not move by swinging thru trees. Rather, it swings trees and grabs them, moving with the swinging tree. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two Relative Dating techniques? |
|
Definition
Flourine Analysis
Stratigraphy |
|
|
Term
| How do relative dating techniques work? |
|
Definition
| they provide the age of a fossil in comparison to materials above or below it |
|
|
Term
| What is Flourine Analysis? |
|
Definition
A relative dating technique that measures the amount of flourine in the bone sample.
The greater amount of flourine, the longer the sample has been in the ground absorbing fluorine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A relative dating technique that determines the age of a specimen based on the age of the strata of rock above and below it |
|
|
Term
| What techniques work together closely with stratigraphy? |
|
Definition
| Chronometric Dating Techniques |
|
|
Term
| What are the two Chronometric Dating techniques? |
|
Definition
Potassium-Argon dating
Radiocarbon Dating |
|
|
Term
| How do Chronometric Dating techniques work? |
|
Definition
| They measure the half-life of radioactive isotopes |
|
|
Term
| What is the Age of the dinosaurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the time period of the Mesozoic era? |
|
Definition
| 251 M to 65 million years ago |
|
|
Term
| What happened to the dinosaurs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for radiocarbon dating? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to Continental Drift, what did the planet look like 200 million years ago? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to Continental Drift, what did the planet look like 150 million years ago |
|
Definition
| There were spaces between the basic continents |
|
|
Term
| According to Continental Drift, what did the planet look like 50 million years ago |
|
Definition
| There was a big body of water between Europe/Africa and New World |
|
|
Term
| What big change happened due to continental drift? |
|
Definition
| Climate - oceans and mountains formed and caused a change of climate |
|
|
Term
| In what era does Primate Evolution begin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the dating of the Cenozoic Era? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the time span of the Paleocene era? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occured in the Paleocene era? |
|
Definition
Flowering plants
Which then attract insects |
|
|
Term
| What are the three hypothesis of why primates emerged? |
|
Definition
Arboreal
Visual Predation
Angiosperm Radiation |
|
|
Term
| What is the Arboreal Hypothesis? |
|
Definition
| Primates adapted for life in the trees |
|
|
Term
| What is the Visual Predation Hypothesis? |
|
Definition
| Primates adapted to see and capture prey, both in and below trees |
|
|
Term
| What is the Angiosperm Radiation Hypothesis? |
|
Definition
| Primates adaptions helped them acquire fruit |
|
|
Term
| Do we see primates in the Paleocene Era? |
|
Definition
| No, just the development of carbs and proteins (plants and insects) |
|
|
Term
| Are plesiadapiforms primates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How do plesiadapiforms differ from primates? (5)
KNOW THESE! |
|
Definition
Eyes - not encased in bone or forward facing
Teeth - different sizes; incisors keep growing
Brain size -small
Claws - not flat nails
hands - not grasping, nor opposable thumbs |
|
|
Term
| What is the era of the first true primate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what years is the Eocene era dated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did the cooling and drying weather trend occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What primate traits are seen in the Eocene era? |
|
Definition
Postorbital bar
Large brain
Grasping hands and feet |
|
|
Term
| What primate creatures are seen in the Eocene era? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To what modern day taxomomy are Eocene era creatures similar? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What prosimians do Omomyids resemble? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What prosimians do Adapids resemble? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What era were the first monkeys? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What creatures emerged in the eocene era? |
|
Definition
(Ones similar to prosimians)
Omomyoids
Adapids |
|
|
Term
| What creatures emerged in the Oligocene era? |
|
Definition
| Ones similar to anthropoids |
|
|
Term
| In what era does primate evolution begin? |
|
Definition
|
|
