Term
What are the anatomical characteristics of primates? (5) |
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Definition
Large brains Eyes encased in bone Generalized teeth grasping hands and feet generalized body plan |
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Term
What do eyes encased in bone cause? |
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Definition
Forward facing eyes Stereoscopic vision (depth perception) |
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Term
What are the types of generalized teeth? |
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Definition
Front (Incisors) - Canine Premolar Molars |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
chew - most chewing occurs here |
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Term
What are the traits of primate hands and feet? |
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Definition
Flattened nails (not claws) Five elongated digits Opposable thumb Tactile fingertips |
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Term
What grip will pull or carry? |
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Definition
Power Grip (enabled by opposable thumb) |
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Term
What grip will pick up a coin? |
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Definition
Precision Grip (enabled by opposable thumb) |
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Term
What characteristics apply to primate life histories? |
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Definition
Single offspring Expanded Ontogeny |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
What is caused by extended ontogeny? (2) |
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Definition
Each division of the life cycle has an extended length of time (gestation, infancy, subadult, adult) High degree of parental investment |
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Term
What are the two suborders of primates? |
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Definition
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Term
What does Prosimian mean? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the main taxonomic traits of Prosimians? (7) |
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Definition
Nocturnal Rhinarium Smaller brains than other primates relative to body size Protruding incisors and canines Claw on at least one digit Small body size Vertical clingers and leapers |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
What do we call protruding incisors and canines? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the typical size of a prosimian? |
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Definition
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Term
Where do vertical clingers and leapers live? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the traits of a prosimians legs? |
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Definition
they are long They can't walk, just jump |
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Term
What traits do prosimians have due to being nocturnal? |
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Definition
Large eyes Tapetum lucidum Depend more on the sense of smell (Rhinarium) |
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Term
What is the Tapetum lucidum? |
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Definition
This is the reflective layer in back of the eye of prosimians; it reflects light back and increases ability to see at night |
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Term
Which primates are anthropoids? |
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Definition
All monkeys, apes, humans |
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Term
What are the main taxonomic traits of anthropoids? (4) |
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Definition
Majority have larger bodies Larger more complex brains Mostly diurnal Quadrupedal |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
What taxonomic traits accompany anthropoids being diurnal? |
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Definition
Rely more on vision than smell * Reduced rhinarium (nasal area close to face) * smaller eyes |
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Term
What are the subdivisions of anthropoids? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the common name for the taxonomic name Platyrrhine |
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Definition
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Term
What is the common name for the taxonomic name Catarhine |
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Definition
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Term
How can we tell a platyrrhine from a catarrhine? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the nose shape of a platyrrhine? |
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Definition
Oval nostrils which angle to the side, flat in center
Plat rhymes with flat |
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Term
What is the nose shape of a catarrhine? |
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Definition
elongated nostrils, lower part is pinched |
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Term
Where do Platyrhines live? |
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Definition
lower Mexico and South American rain forests |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Do platyrrhines have tails? |
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Definition
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Term
Do catarrhines have tails? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the categories of apes? |
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Definition
chimps, bonobos, gorillas, orangutans, gibbons, and humans |
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Term
Five characteristics of primates |
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Definition
Large brains Eyes encased in bone Generalized teeth (specialized) Grasping hands and feet Generalized body plan (flexible, not rigid) |
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Term
Name the four types of primate generalized teeth |
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Definition
Incisors (bite) Canine (shred) Premolars (grip and chew) Molars (Most chewing) |
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Term
What is the primate generalized body plan? |
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Definition
Lots of flexibility - Spinal column with fixed and flexible areas Collarbone Opposable thumbs |
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Term
What are the traits of Primates grasping hands and feet? |
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Definition
Flattened nails (not claws) Five elongated digits Opposable thumbs Tactile fingertips (helps with grip) |
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Term
What types of grips do primates have? |
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Definition
Power Grip (to pull and carry) Precision Grip (to pick up small objects) |
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Term
What allows primates to have grip? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the main primate characteristics? (four) |
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Definition
Single offspring Extended ontogeny Each division of life has an extended time High degree of parental investment |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Give examples of life divisions |
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Definition
gestation infancy subadult adult |
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Term
What are the two suborders of primates? |
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Definition
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Term
What does prosimian mean? |
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Definition
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Term
Are prosimians found in the Americas? |
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Definition
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Term
What characteristics do prosimians share? |
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Definition
Many are nocturnal They have smaller brains than other primates, relative to body size Protruding incisors and canines (Dental comb) Claw on at least one digit Small body size Vertical clingers and leapers |
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Term
Where do Tarsiers belong in primate taxonomy? |
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Definition
Varies; will be prosimians for class |
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Term
What are the traits of nocturnal prosimians? |
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Definition
large eyes Tapetum lucidum (eye reflects light); sees in black and white Rhinarium (snout, with a moist nose); relies mostly on sense of smell |
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Term
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Definition
An eye that reflects light at night (typically yellow) |
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Term
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Definition
A snout with a moist nose |
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Term
What is the size of the largest prosimian? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the short cuts for recognizing a prosimian? |
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Definition
small-bodied grooming claw on hand |
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Term
What animals are included as anthropoids? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the general characteristics of anthropoids? |
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Definition
Majority have larger bodies Larger, more complex brains Mostly Diurnal Rely more on vision than smell Quadrupedal |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
What traits of anthropoids cause them to rely more on vision than smell? |
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Definition
reduced rhinarium (nasal area flesh is close to the face) smaller eyes |
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Term
What are the two types of anthropoids? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the common name for the taxonomic name platyrrhines? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the common name for the taxonomic name Catarrhines? |
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Definition
Old World Monkeys, Apes, Humans |
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Term
Be able to look at a nose and know anthropoid types.
Which has elongated nostrils, with a pinched lower part? |
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Definition
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Term
Be able to look at a nose and know anthropoid types.
Which has oval nostrils, that is flat in the center, with the nostrils angled to the side? |
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Definition
Platyrrhines (flat rhymes with plat) |
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Term
What is the taxonomy category over platyrrhines and catarrhines? |
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Definition
Anthropoids Includes all monkeys, apes and humans |
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Term
What is the order over the two suborders Prosimii and Anthropoidea? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the types of monkeys? |
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Definition
New world Monkeys (platyrrhini) Old world monkeys (catarrhines) |
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Term
What are the traits of Platyrrhini? |
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Definition
New World Monkeys are small bodied, arboreal dental formula 2:1:3;3 Prehensile tail (some species) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
What is the body shape of Platyrrhini? |
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Definition
New World Monkeys are arboreal quadrupeds. Long legs in back, short arms in front. This gives a lower center of gravity so helps balance. May be on ground briefly only. |
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Term
What is mean by the term arboreal quadruped? |
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Definition
Lives in trees but bears weight on all four feet |
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Term
What does the prehensile tail of platyrrhinis look like? |
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Definition
It can grasp, is calloused and hairless on the inside |
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Term
What does a prehensile tail do? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
What are the traits of catarrhines? |
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Definition
Old World Monkeys have greater body size variation dental formula 2:1:2:3 (one less premolar) Bilophodont molars More sexual dimorphism Nonprehensile tails Quadrapedal: arboreal & terrestrial |
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Term
What number and kind of teeth are found in a quadrant of a catarrhines mouth? |
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Definition
2:1:2:3 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars |
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Term
What number and kind of teeth are found in a quadrant of a platarrhines mouth? |
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Definition
2:1:3:3 2 incisors, 1 canine, 3 premolars, 3 molars |
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Term
What does it mean when a mouth ratio looks like four numbers on top as a fraction of four numbers on the bottom? |
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Definition
The top quadrants differ from the bottom teeth |
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Term
What is a bilophodont molar? |
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Definition
This molar has four cusps, paired in front and back. The front cusps are connected by a ridge of enamel. The back cusps are connected by a ridge of enamel. |
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Term
What is sexual dimorphism? |
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Definition
A size difference between male / female. Some male catarrhines are twice as big as the females. |
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Term
What are identifying traits of terrestrial quadrapeds? |
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Definition
The legs and arms are the same lengths. The head and eyes face the horizon. |
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Term
What are two groups of old world monkeys? |
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Definition
Colobines & Cercophitecines |
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Term
What are the traits of Colobines? |
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Definition
They eat leaves They have sharp shearing molars and sacculated stomachs |
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Term
What is a sacculated stomach? |
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Definition
a large, multi-chambered stomach. Different enzymes break down the foods in the different chambers before passing into the intestine |
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Term
What are ischial callosities? |
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Definition
These are calloused fat pads on the hip bones. These cushion the bone. |
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Term
What are the traits of Cercophithecines? |
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Definition
Their diverse diet includes fruit They have rounded, low cusp molars; some have cheek pouches females have sexual swelling during ovulation |
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Term
What animals are considered Hominoids? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the lessor apes? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzee, bonobo |
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Term
What are the common characteristics of apes? |
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Definition
Larger brain relative to body size Dental formula 2:1:2:3 Y-5 Molar pattern Brachiating ability Limb proportions - arms longer than legs No tails |
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Term
What does an apes larger brain cause? |
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Definition
complex social interactions |
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Term
What is a Y-5 molar pattern? |
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Definition
The molar has five cusps, making a Y shape with the stem of the Y at a right angle to the tongue |
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Term
What is brachiating ability? |
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Definition
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Term
Does an adult monkey have brachiating ability? |
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Definition
No - it does not have full shoulder rotation It has a narrow rib cage; clavical (shoulder blade) is closer to front Scapula (collar bone) is on the side of the rib cage |
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Term
What are the characteristics of Gibbons? |
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Definition
These lesser apes lack sexual dimorphism form monogamous pairs Duet Are "true" brachiators |
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Term
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Definition
Female and Male vocalize together to defend their territory |
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Term
What is a "true brachiator"? |
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Definition
Arms are their primary form of locomotion |
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Term
What are the Great Apes in Asia? |
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Definition
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Term
What does Orangutan mean? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the characteristics of Orangutans? (6) |
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Definition
Large bodied animals Highly sexually dimorphic Arboreal Frugivorous Solitary social structure Forced copulations Primary forms of locomotion are quadrumanial |
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Term
What is the size of an adult Orangutan? |
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Definition
Males 200 pounds, females 100 pounds |
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Term
What facial feature to male orangutans have? |
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Definition
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Term
what does frugivous mean? |
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Definition
fruit-eaters (this is the bulk of an Orangutans diet) |
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Term
what does forced copulation mean |
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Definition
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Term
What does quadrumanial mean? |
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Definition
identical hands and feet An Orangutan does not move by swinging thru trees. Rather, it swings trees and grabs them, moving with the swinging tree. |
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Term
What are the two Relative Dating techniques? |
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Definition
Flourine Analysis Stratigraphy |
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Term
How do relative dating techniques work? |
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Definition
they provide the age of a fossil in comparison to materials above or below it |
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Term
What is Flourine Analysis? |
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Definition
A relative dating technique that measures the amount of flourine in the bone sample. The greater amount of flourine, the longer the sample has been in the ground absorbing fluorine. |
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Term
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Definition
A relative dating technique that determines the age of a specimen based on the age of the strata of rock above and below it |
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Term
What techniques work together closely with stratigraphy? |
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Definition
Chronometric Dating Techniques |
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Term
What are the two Chronometric Dating techniques? |
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Definition
Potassium-Argon dating Radiocarbon Dating |
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Term
How do Chronometric Dating techniques work? |
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Definition
They measure the half-life of radioactive isotopes |
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Term
What is the Age of the dinosaurs |
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Definition
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Term
What is the time period of the Mesozoic era? |
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Definition
251 M to 65 million years ago |
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Term
What happened to the dinosaurs? |
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Definition
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Term
What is another name for radiocarbon dating? |
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Definition
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Term
According to Continental Drift, what did the planet look like 200 million years ago? |
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Definition
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Term
According to Continental Drift, what did the planet look like 150 million years ago |
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Definition
There were spaces between the basic continents |
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Term
According to Continental Drift, what did the planet look like 50 million years ago |
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Definition
There was a big body of water between Europe/Africa and New World |
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Term
What big change happened due to continental drift? |
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Definition
Climate - oceans and mountains formed and caused a change of climate |
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Term
In what era does Primate Evolution begin? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the dating of the Cenozoic Era? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the time span of the Paleocene era? |
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Definition
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Term
What occured in the Paleocene era? |
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Definition
Flowering plants Which then attract insects |
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Term
What are the three hypothesis of why primates emerged? |
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Definition
Arboreal Visual Predation Angiosperm Radiation |
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Term
What is the Arboreal Hypothesis? |
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Definition
Primates adapted for life in the trees |
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Term
What is the Visual Predation Hypothesis? |
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Definition
Primates adapted to see and capture prey, both in and below trees |
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Term
What is the Angiosperm Radiation Hypothesis? |
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Definition
Primates adaptions helped them acquire fruit |
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Term
Do we see primates in the Paleocene Era? |
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Definition
No, just the development of carbs and proteins (plants and insects) |
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Term
Are plesiadapiforms primates? |
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Definition
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Term
How do plesiadapiforms differ from primates? (5) KNOW THESE! |
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Definition
Eyes - not encased in bone or forward facing Teeth - different sizes; incisors keep growing Brain size -small Claws - not flat nails hands - not grasping, nor opposable thumbs |
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Term
What is the era of the first true primate? |
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Definition
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Term
In what years is the Eocene era dated? |
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Definition
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Term
When did the cooling and drying weather trend occur? |
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Definition
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Term
What primate traits are seen in the Eocene era? |
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Definition
Postorbital bar Large brain Grasping hands and feet |
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Term
What primate creatures are seen in the Eocene era? |
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Definition
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Term
To what modern day taxomomy are Eocene era creatures similar? |
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Definition
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Term
What prosimians do Omomyids resemble? |
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Definition
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Term
What prosimians do Adapids resemble? |
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Definition
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Term
What era were the first monkeys? |
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Definition
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Term
What creatures emerged in the eocene era? |
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Definition
(Ones similar to prosimians) Omomyoids Adapids |
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Term
What creatures emerged in the Oligocene era? |
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Definition
Ones similar to anthropoids |
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Term
In what era does primate evolution begin? |
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Definition
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