Term
| Why study primates? Theoretical and advanced? |
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Definition
Applied: medicine, genetics, behavioral and neurological sciences, conservation
Theoretical: Evolution of behavioral flexibility, large brains, tool-use, language, social organization, understanding human nature |
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Term
| Who is Carl von Linne? When |
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Definition
• Came up with the Taxonomy system
• Originally classified with humans – (big splash)
1735 Swedish - put primates in their place |
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Term
| Who and when is T.H. Huxley? |
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Definition
o T.H. Huxley (fought for Darwin)
• Pushed that humans were closer to apes than apes to monkeys President of the Royal Society – 1860-63 |
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Term
| Who is Richard Lynch Gardner? When? |
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Definition
• 1848-1920
o first westerner to attempt to systematically observe wild primates
o first to use phonograph to study primates |
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Term
Who is Mary Hastings Bradley? When? |
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Definition
| followed Gorillas around in Rwanda - 1922 |
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Term
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Definition
o Started great ape breeding facility in Orange Park which became Yerkes Primate Facility Reasearch in ATL
o Behavorial Primatology
• Sent Carpenter to study gibbons and howlers
• Bingham to study gorillas
• Nissen to Sierra Leone to study chimps |
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Term
| Who are two of themost important primatologists? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were Washburn and Devores Contributions? |
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Definition
Harvard dissertation by S. Washburn on skeletons of langurs and macaques Devore - Harvard anthropologist - student of Washburn • Most primatologists are connected to Devore and Washburn |
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Term
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Definition
like a DeVore/Washburn in Japan, his student Itani established 1st primate journal in 1956 (in Japanese). Japanese Macaques – semi terrestrial OWM |
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Term
| Who is Louis Leaky? Who are his students? |
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Definition
made discoveries of human fossils) places three woman at field sites of great apes – none had super strong background in field Jane Goodall -Tanzania chimp- bananas Dian Fossey- mountain gorillas - murdered Birute Galdikas - orangutangs - Borneo |
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Term
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Definition
Stuart Altmann takes over Rhesus Macaque facillty in Cayo Santiago, which was started by Carpenter o Marries Jeanne Altmann
• Jeanne wrote most cited paper in primatology
• Both husband and wife initiate long term study of baboons in late 1970s
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Term
| General Anotomical Features of Primates? |
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Definition
Brains- Lobular More convulted Hands Dermatoglyphs (finger prints) Pads on hands for sensitive touching
Prehensile Can grab things with tail Hand Eye coordination
Arboreal Arms Ability to rotate , And brachiate in some species - such as lesser apes Eyes - in Front of Faces Color – not all have color vision – overlapping images – for depth perception Bony eye socket for pretoection
Greate reliance of sight over smell
Visual Signaling
• Single offspring
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Term
| General Behavorial of Primates? |
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Definition
Arboreal (exceptions)
Manual Dexterity
Reliance on Vision
God hand-eye coordination
Cognition
• Increased brain size
• Communication systems
Long infant dependency
Complex Social Organizations
Complex Foraging
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Term
| General Prosmian Characteristics? 15 |
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Definition
Many are nocturnal
Smell -Rhinarium (moist nasal pad like dogs and cats) (characterizes strepsirhines-lemur/loris)
Scent glands-marking-urine washing
Less effective binocular vision
Post-orbital bar
Unfused frontal bone (forehead)
Unfused mandible (lower jaw)
Dental comb (incisors of lower jaw)
Grooming/toilet claws on 2nd toe (others have nails)
Relatively short gestation and maturation
Moveable ears, rotating wrists (lorises)
Jumpers and leapers
Many are solitary
Baby parking |
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Term
What is the difference between crepuscular, cathemeral, diurnal, and nocturnal? |
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Definition
cathemeral – activity in both
crepuscular – dawn and dusk
diurnal - day
nocturnal –night |
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Term
What is the major difference between the strepsirhines and the haplorhines? Who are the streps, and who are the hap? What are the effects of this difference?
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Definition
Strepsirhines have a wet nose, haplorhines have a dry nose Streps are prosimii minus the tarsiers (lemurs and lorises), Haps are Tarsiers, Humans, Monkeys, and Apes Streps have a Rhinarium - which is a moist nasal pad, showing a gerater reliance on olfactory |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| WHat are the general characteristics of Prosimians? |
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Definition
| nocturnal, solitary, rhinarium (not Tarsiers), urine washing, toothcomb, less effective bonocular vision, shorter gestation and maturation, movable ears, baby parking, unfused mandible and frontal bone |
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Term
| Are all eulemurs dichromatic? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many families of lemurs are there? What are they? |
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Definition
| Lemuridae, Indridae, Cheirogaleidae (mouse one), Lepilemurdae, Daubentoniidae |
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Term
WHat are general lemur traits? |
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Definition
| 2nd toe is a grooming claw, scent marking, general female dominance, little sexual dimorphism, some sexual diochromism, some are cathemeral, 4-5 month gestation, 3-4 month weaning, some experience torpor |
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Term
| Theories about female dominance in Lemurs? |
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Definition
energy conservation because females have to reproduce frequently and therfore expend less energy finding food? Evolutionary disequalibrium like recent switch to diurnal living? |
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Term
| What are some notable members of the Lemur family, Lemuridae? |
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Definition
Eulemurs
Hapalemurs
Varecia /Ruffed lemurs
Lemurs
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Term
| Tell me about the Eulemurs |
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Definition
Eulemurs - can be monogamous, diochramtic, male infant carrying, dyadic pairs |
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Term
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Definition
| ProlemurHappelemur - eats bamboo and has adapted to cianide, short arms, monogamous ,polygnous or co-ed but only one male breeds - baby parking, mouth carry |
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Term
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Definition
Varecia - frugivorous varecia, occassionally geophagous, monogamous, multi-male multi-female Ruffed Lemur- The only diurnal prosimian with 2 sets of mammary glands & have 2-4 offspring at once. Mouth transport and parking of each. Maybe rapid repro because of cyclones? |
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Term
| Tell me about Lemur, family of the Lemuridae? |
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Definition
Montypic- ring tailed lemur best studied lemur male dispersal at 3-4 yo semi terrestrial - 30% of time on ground - more than any other lemur put urine on tails and whip others with it reproductive synchrony? not monogamous diurnal |
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Term
| What is the difference between the baby parking techniques of the member of the Lorisids? |
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Definition
Galagos baby park - because move pretty fast and can back move offsrping throughout night Pottos and Lorises permanently leave babies overnight though, do not carry around from palce to place - more permanent than "parking" |
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Term
| Tell me about the prolemur? |
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Definition
Greatre bamboo lemur larger than hapalemur highly endangered groups of 4-7 |
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Term
| Tell me about the Cheirogalidae |
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Definition
mouse lemur - tiny nocturnal Eat fruit, young leaves, flowers, insects (and occasional spiders) and gum . Most of their diet consists of the fruit of plants in the mistletoe family. male territories encompass at least 2 females’. tail longer than body |
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Term
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Definition
fat tailed dwarf lemur is one of two species to go into torpor o Mirza Coquerel - big testes during mating, polyandry eastern fork marked dwarf lemur - specialized in nectar, monogamous |
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Term
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Definition
Propithecus, Avahi & Indri genus Long legs, vertical clingers and leapers avahi are nocturnal, indri and propithecus diurnal |
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Term
| Tell me about the Daubentoniidae? |
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Definition
Aye-Aye Has rodent-like teeth with 2 middle incisors that continue to grow.
Solitary, females with separate ranges nocturnal long middle finger thing for eating grubs |
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Term
| Are folivores more or less active relative to non-folivores and why? |
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Definition
| tend to be less active because you have to devote lots of energy to digesting vegetation |
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Term
| General characteristics or Lorisids? |
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Definition
• found in Asia and Africa • Three major subfamilies Galagos – best known, Pottos (Africa), Lorises (asia) • Nocturnal acute sense of smell • Scent Glands and urine marking
• Baby parking
• Small groups small relative size
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Term
| Tell me about the Galagos |
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Definition
Lorisids common name is bushbabies • Diet – mostly small animal prey, but also gum, fruit
• Jumpers – long tails, large hindlegs, large mobile ears
• Toothcomb used for scraping gum
• Most vocal of the lorisids
• Mouth carriage of offspring social mating system
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Term
| Tell me about the galago social mating system |
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Definition
Galago have a dispersed multimale system polygyny alpha male gets the action but sometime beta male can sneak in and mate |
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Term
| What us unusual about the slow loris? |
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Definition
| it produces a toxic saliva - bites can be deadly |
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Term
| General Lorises traits of the Lorisids? |
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Definition
Most faunivorous of the lorisids highly tolerant of poisonous insects reduced/lost tails not baby parkers - because so slow • Multi-male, multi- female social system – but males hostiles towards each other |
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Term
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Definition
Monotypic Genus - one species slow climbers solitary - groups of 1-2 - some are male-female fruits, gums, animal prey, ants, birds, bats reduced/ lost tails |
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Term
| Which of the lorisids does not have a reduced/lost tail? |
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Definition
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Term
| Tell me about the Tarsiers |
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Definition
• Capable of turning head 180 degrees
• Jumpers
• Tails are almost twice as long as body
• Adept hunters
• Carry the infants
hemochorial placenta, but bicorunate uterus no toothcomb, but grooming claw 5 species no tapetum 6 month gestation period solitary se asia large hindlegs dispersed polygyny |
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Term
| What does having no tapetum suggest? |
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Definition
Tapetum is used for reflecting light to see better at night Not having one suggest you are diurnal or were once diurnal |
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Term
| The spectral tarsier is more active in more moonlight. Why is this significant, and what behavorial differences do they possess that are associated with this? |
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Definition
| The spectral tariser is more active in moonlight, which could be dangerous, because can be seen. So the spectral tarsier is more sociable |
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Term
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Definition
| New world monkeys, split up into two groups - the Cebids & Callitrichids |
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Term
| What are some features of Platyrhines in general? |
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Definition
Split nostrils
Prehensile tails (some spp).
Larger brains than prosimians relative to body
Color vision (except night monkey), more diurnal
Hyoid bone (howlers)
Extended cecum (howlers)
No menstruation |
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Term
| WHat are features of the callichtrids? |
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Definition
Twinning Common, bicornuate uteri, post partum estrus, polyandry and monogamy common , also palygynandrous (more than one breeding female in the group, and occasionally polygynous Smaller, high metabolic rate
Fast breeders
Reproductive suppression
Female infanticide
Polyandry and monogamy
Claws
Gummivores
~41 species
Marmosets exploit gums and saps more than tamarins
Rapid maturation (females breed at 1 yr). |
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Term
| Who are the callichtrids? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some noteworthy features of the pigmy marmoset? |
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Definition
• Smallest monkey in world – can be supported by flimsy twigs and branches – stealthy to hunt prey
o Needle sharp claws
• Wounds trees by gnawing bark for gum
o Eventually scar tissue form and forms mounds, which they then use to climb trees
• A well defined tree is an asset – other groups will attack
Scent mark during attack to reinforce bonds and inspire a counter attack
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Term
| Significant about Goeldi's marmoset? |
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Definition
| 3rd Molar, and single birth!!! |
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Term
| General grooming trend among callitrichids? |
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Definition
| Females receive more grooming than the give, whichis typical of monogamous and polyandrous species - not monkeys |
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Term
| In callitrichids, who often cares more for th offsrping (infant carrying)? Why? |
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Definition
| Males, possibly because constant reproduction in females |
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Term
| WOuld you say that Callitrichids or Cebids are more evolutionary adavanced and why? |
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Definition
| I would say cebids, because not bicorunate uterus, and larger brains |
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Term
| Is food sharing common in callitrichids? |
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Definition
| yes, it is ubiquitous - especially passive food sharing |
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Term
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Definition
| Cebids are howler monkeys, squirell monkeys, and capuchin monkeys |
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Term
| WHat are some general features of cebids? |
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Definition
Larger brained than callitrichids
Twinning rare, no post-partum estrus
Some monogamy (night/owl monkey)
Fission-fusion (spider)
Prehensile tails (spider, capuchin, woolly, howler)
Hyoid, extended cecum (howler)
Much larger bodies than callitrichids |
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Term
| Some general characteristics of cebins? |
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Definition
squirrel and capuchins 5 squirrel and 4 capuchin species
Large brain for body size
Moderate sexual dimorphism (males ~20% larger)
75% day foraging- omnivores
Multi-male multi-female groups |
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Term
| Gimme lots of info about the capuchins? |
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Definition
1-2 ibi not sezually mature until 7 year old, long life history tool use most terrestrial of owm female philopatry - not usual for owm prehensile tails dancing alliances for foragaing egalitarian |
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Term
| Some quick difference among capuchin and squirrel monkeys? |
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Definition
capuchins have larger brains saimirn follow capuchins for food when sympatric capuchins more frugivorous, squirrel more insectivorous |
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Term
| WHo are the Pithenciines? |
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Definition
Pithecines are cebids there are 4 genera of Pitheciines - Saki (Pithecea), Uakari (cacajao), bearded monkeys (chiropotes), and titi monkeys (callicebus) |
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Term
| Tell me about sexual dimorphism in the Pitheciines? |
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Definition
| there is little sexual dimorphism in the pitheciines |
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Term
| Tell me about the Titi Monkeys? |
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Definition
United calling, tail-twining important for pair-bonding, close contact
Fruit eaters, also leaves, insects
Mature at 4 y, 1 y IBI, offspring stay until mature (3-4 y) monogamous |
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Term
| Tell me about the Pithecia, genus of the Pitheciines? |
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Definition
Saki monkeys - 8 species
Pair bonded? No male care seen but brief contact.
Small groups
Have scent glands, esp. used by adult males
Seed eaters!!!
IBI 1-2 y
Sexual maturity at 5 y |
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Term
| Tell me about the Chiropotes, genus of the Pitheciines? |
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Definition
They are the bearded sakis they do not scent mark lots of hugging |
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Term
| Tell be about the cacajao? |
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Definition
The Uakari are pitheciines red face - color change gradual and with age Seed eaters
Social system not really understood
Bearded saki and uakari carry infants for 9 mos. larger bodied, longer distances….
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Term
| Tell me about the Aotinae? |
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Definition
owl monkey only nocturnal monkey no color vision males give extensive care to offspring frugivores 1 offspring a year, 4-5 month gestation period vocal and territorial |
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Term
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Definition
The Atelines are cebids, then NWM Atelines include Howler, SPider, and Wooly Monkeys |
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Term
| What are some general characteristics of Atelines? |
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Definition
All have prehensile tail Largest NWM Female Dispersal Common - Male philopatry |
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Term
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Definition
Atelines Only Female Dispersal females solitary male-male bonds, grooming fission fusions society intensely frugivorous |
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Term
| Who lives in fission fusion societies? |
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Definition
Spider Monkey, bonobos, chimps |
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Term
| What are the difference between the wooly spider monkey and the spider monkey? Similarities? |
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Definition
In wooly spider - co-dominance
Egalitarian
Female preference important
Often compared to bonobos-feed more on leafy material, larger groups both Spider and woolly spider slow life histories (nurse 2-3y) |
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Term
| Wooly monkey features and info |
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Definition
Atelines - Cebids - NWM Large groups 18-45
More cohesive than spider or woolly spider
Also slow life history, slow reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
atelines - cebids- NWM have hyoid - bone in throat that enables them to make their disticntive howlign sound 66-80% of day resting both sexes may disperse intensely folivorous - extended cecum for digestion
10-15 per group Mature at 3-4 y, 1-2 y IBI
Infanticide-read about it |
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Term
| Who are the Cattarhines and what are some general features? |
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Definition
OWM and Apes Larger size
More terrestrial
Sexual swellings-some OW monkeys and apes
Ischial callosities-some OW monkeys, not apes
Nostrils
Semi-brachiators
2.1.2.3 dental pattern
Shorter tail or no tail (compared to NW)
Better thumb-finger grip
OW monkeys characterized by male dispersal, female philopatry (not true for apes) |
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Term
| OWM are called what? Divided into what two sub categories? |
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Definition
| They are called cercopithecoids, divided into the colobines and the cercopthecines |
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Term
| Some general information about the colobines? |
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Definition
new world parallel is the howlers b/c folivorous forestomache instead of extended cecu, lethargicm sharp molars, enlarged salivary glands, one-male groups are common (OMU), concealed estrus common |
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Term
| Feature of the Asian Colobines? |
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Definition
7 genera, ~44 species, mostly referred to as langurs (except proboscis monkey)
Heavily folivorous (but up to 25% fruit, seeds), and thus found mainly (some exceptions) in forest habitats
Like most folivores, they travel little.
Not very social, even though in large stable groups (absence of grooming in some species)
Female kin, some f-f grooming, but bonds weak, female transfer occasionally
Infanticide regularly documented, but rarely observed
Allomaternal care also characteristic
Groups fight over females, not food or territories |
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Term
| Which is the only colobine to advertise their estrus? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHat's with infanticide in Asian Colobines? |
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Definition
The attacks on the infants are observed but when a male does a takeover, most of the kin and infants are dead within a week Females often fight off a male trying to takeover so that their offspring make it to maturity
Sometimes females sneak off and mate because if that male takes over they will not kill her offsrping |
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Term
| Tell me about the probiscus monkey? |
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Definition
Colobine - Cercopithicoid - Cattarhines/ Anthropoid Big Nose -Size Matters males bigger noses than females |
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Term
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Definition
3 genera, ~15 species
Also folivores
Some have very large groups
Infanticide
Don’t travel far
Sex-skin swellings in a few species
Colobus tend to have 1-2 males, Piliocolobus and Procolobus have more.
Weak female bonds, occasional female dispersal
Grooming common
Far more arboreal than many Asian colobines
Infant transfer (allomaternal care) less common
Infanticide occurs but less well documented |
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Term
| WHo are the Cercopthecines |
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Definition
OWM - cercopithecoids - cattarhines Baboons, Macaques, Mangabeys, Guenons |
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Term
| What are some characteristics of the Cercopithecines? |
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Definition
Sexual Swellings in some species omnivorous generally multi-male, multi female groups |
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Term
| Tell me about the macaques? |
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Definition
Macaques are cercopithecines, cercopithecoids, cattarhines, anthropoids 21 species sexually dimorphic powerful matrilines - male dispersal, female philopatry terrestrial |
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Term
| What are some especially uniques behaviors of the Japanese macaques? |
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Definition
| Potato washing, ricewashing, care for handicapped, chilling in the hot springs |
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Term
| Which is the least terrestrial/ most arboreal papoin? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Baboons, Mangaybeys, Mandrills Ceropithicine - Cercopethicoids, Cattarhines/ Anthropoids |
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Term
| WHat are some general Papoins characteristics? |
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Definition
Highly sexually dimorphic terrestrial Matrilines (with 2 exceptions) Multi-Male and OMU |
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Term
| Why are males terrestrial larger than arboreal ? |
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Definition
• More competition for mates - bigger males have an edge in
• Body size can be a cost in the trees
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Term
| Are mandrill baboons omu or multi male? |
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Definition
| OMU, and he defends cluster of females |
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Term
| Tell me about the Hamadryas Baboon social system |
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Definition
extremely hierarchal OMUs, will come together to make a clan, will come together to make a band, will come togtehr to make a troop |
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Term
| DO Savanna baboons have high or low infanticide risk and why? |
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Definition
low - highly matrilineal groups females have strong bonds with males and females, which can explain the low infacticide risk |
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Term
| What group makes up cattarhines, other than the cercopithicoids?What is the sub categories of this group? |
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Definition
| The Hominoidea, which is comprised of the Hylobatidae (lesser apes) and the Hominidae (great apes and humans) |
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Term
| Who are the Hylobatidae, or Lesser Apes? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Orangutangs, Chimps, Bonobos, Gorillas, Humans? |
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Term
WHat type of eating style is related to pair-bonding and why? |
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Definition
| Frugivory, because o Small fruit patches over wide area, females travel to food, male travel to females so he can watch her |
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Term
| General Characterstics of lesser apes |
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Definition
All gibbons and siamangs are lifetime monogamists, ok well sort of
Low sexual dimorphism, but often dichromatic
Family groups
Long calls
Highly frugivorous (esp. figs)
True brachiators - arboreal
Infants nurse 2 yrs. Stay as juveniles but must leave at reproductive maturity |
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Term
| What are some noteable features of range and distribution in lesser apes? |
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Definition
Mostly alopatric - georgraphically isolated from eachother less active compared to other frugivores |
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Term
| Gibbons grooming vs. Siamangs Grooming? What does this show? |
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Definition
Female Gibbons recieve more grooming than they give Grooming is more reciproval among Siamangs shows that the female gibbon has hand in her relationship |
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Term
| What are the components of the pair bonding hypthesis? |
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Definition
• Largely related to frugivory
o Small fruit patches over wide area, females travel to food, male travel to females and can’t control two areas
• Female distribution
• Mate guard
• Predation
• Resource defense
• Infanticide defense
o Male def thinks he’s the daddy so not going to kill the kid
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Term
| What are the factors that determine group vs solitary living? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does group living help against predation? lots of Ds |
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Definition
Dilution Detection Dterrence Defense |
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Term
| WHy don't female folivores tend to have strong bonds with other females within the group? |
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Definition
| Because little competition between group members over food - social bonds form out of competition |
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Term
| What determines distribution among females? Among Males? |
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Definition
| Ecological Pressure determine this for females, Female Distribution/ Mating Opportunities determine it for males |
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Term
| What is the ecological benefit to infanticide? |
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Definition
Reproductive benefit Because stops lactating in females and can induce estrus faster (so less infanticide among the callichitrids) |
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Term
| Characteristics of great apes and humans |
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Definition
Largest brains
Large body size
Great apes -all knuckle walkers
Varied diet- foli, frugi, omnivores
Long-lived
Nurse 2-6 years
Cooperative hunting -chimps, humans |
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Term
|
Definition
| interactions where one individual is defined as the aggressor and one is submissive. Agonism is aggressive and submissive interactions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a ranking system among individuals usually established by the outcome of aggressive and submissive interactions |
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Term
|
Definition
| the absence of a hierarchy, or pecking order; access to resources is more likely to be determined by who gets to them first than by any other attributes of individuals |
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Term
|
Definition
| when the individual remains in their natal, or birth group |
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Term
|
Definition
| when two or more species are occurring in the same area (interspecific?) |
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Term
|
Definition
| when two or more species are geographically separated from each other |
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Term
|
Definition
- Dispersal: emigration from a social group; can involve emigration from the natal group or, in secondary dispersal, emigration from another group into which the individual has previously immigrated
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Term
|
Definition
| Matrilineal: related to one another through maternal descent. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Patrilineal: related to one another through paternal descent |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Affiliative: strong associations among individuals usually manifested by higher rates of proximity and nonaggressive social interactions
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Ultimate: the adaptive significance of a trait |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| evolutionary relationships of species to one another |
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Term
|
Definition
| the neural and physiological mechanisms that regulate behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the processes and mechanisms involved in development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the repertory of behaviors exhibited by a species |
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Term
|
Definition
| human-focused perspective |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a feedback process whereby the stimulus of lactation releases hormones that inhibit ovulation |
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Term
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Definition
| the type of placenta found in most primates in which materials pass between the maternal and fetal bloodstreams through a single vessel wall. |
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| a reflective layer in the eye’s retina that improves night vision. |
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| Epitheliochorial placenta |
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Definition
| A type of placenta in which the maternal epithelium and fetal epithelium are in contact. Fetal and maternal circulations appears as two distinct types among primates, a distinction that is believed to have had an important effect on the evolution of the order. In the first type (epitheliochorial), found in the lemurs and lorises, several cellular layers separate the maternal and fetal bloodstreams and thus limit the passage of molecules of serum proteins. |
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| reduced BMR (basal metabolic rate) during resting to conserve energy expenditure |
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| the ratio of the number of breeding females to males in a group |
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| when two or more males have an exclusive relationship with two or more females |
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| substance secreted by one animal and detected by another; important in sexual communication for many primates |
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| the sum of an individual’s fitness and the fitness of all of the individuals relatives, weighted by their degree of relatedness |
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Definition
| an individuals reproductive success relative to the fitnesses of other members of the same species |
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Definition
| an individuals genetic contributions to future generations through his or her own offspring |
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| behaviors that increase individual fitness and therefore are favored by natural selection |
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Definition
| refers to a one-on-one variation between two traits |
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| proportional changes in one trait as a function of another; often due to developmental processes |
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| the rate at which an organism uses energy in a resting state |
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| mammal dating back to the Paleocene; once thought to be an ancestral primate |
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| locomotion involving all four hands or limbs |
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| a trait found in two ore more species that is shared due to their common ancestry |
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| : complex stomach in which digestion is aided by intense microbial action, a specialized adaptation in colobines |
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| extinct small mostly diurnal lower primates that fed on leaves and fruit; abundant in North America and Europe 30 to 50 million years ago |
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| the repertory of behaviors exhibited by a species |
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Definition
| used to assess levels of reproductive competition; OSR takes into account both the number of potential breeding males and females and the amount of time that individuals of both sexes are reproductively active |
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| areas of hardened, leathery skin on either side of the base of the tail on the rump |
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| evolutionary process by which closely related species evolve similar, derived traits |
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| the evolutionary process whereby distantly related species independently evolve similar traits |
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Term
- Negative assortative mating:
- Positive assortative mating:
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Definition
- preferential mating between individuals with phenotypical differences
- preferential mating between individuals with similar phenotypes
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Definition
| Major histocompatibility complex is a suite of genes involved in the immune system. Some evidence suggests that rodents and primates choose mates with different MHC alleles than their own to the benefit of their offspring who acquire greater disease resistance |
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Definition
Tremendous sexual dimorphism
Males much larger, cheek pads
Also long calls (like gibbons)
Sexual aggression
Some tool-use
The only solitary anthropoid, but facultatively social |
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Definition
One-male groups
Infanticide
Highly folivorous
Sexual dimorphic
Contrast w/ orang sexual behavior
Most paternal
Most terrestrial |
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Definition
Closest genetic relative
Fission-fusion social system
Variation from site-to-site
Several long-term studies
Infanticide
Community structure, border patrols |
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Definition
Significant time bipedal (>5%)
Language issues
Fission-fusion
Females hold their own
Strong mother-son bonds
Sexual behavior / sex swellings
More gracile features than common chimp
Highly endangered- Central Africa
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Term
| WHo uses piper leaves and chili peppers for insect repellent, heal skin? |
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Definition
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| a general rule that the nutrient requirements of large bodied animals are absolutely higher than those of smaller animals, but lower relative to their body size. Therefore larger animals tend to feed on more abundant but lower quality foods than smaller animals |
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