Term
| Normal values for cardiac output, cardiac index, and pulmonary artery pressures. |
|
Definition
CO:4-7L/min
CI: 2.5-4L/min/m2 of BSA
PAP: 30s/10d with mean <20 |
|
|
Term
| What is normal CVP,right ventricle pressure,PAW? |
|
Definition
CVP: 0-5
RVP: 30/5
PAW/PAOP: <20 |
|
|
Term
| Name normal left atrial, left ventricle, and aortic pressures? |
|
Definition
LAP: <12m
LVP: 140/12
Aorta: S<140, D<90, M: 70-90 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (systolic-diastolic)/3 + diastolic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Normally 7-18 cm water, measured in lumbar area
In lateral recumbent 13 cm water
If sitting 37-55 cm water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sphere: P=2t/r
cylinder:P(2RL) = T(2L) or T = PR
• Where
o P = pressure at outlet
o T = tension of wall
o R = radius of wall
• Note
o If the wall is stationary, the outward and inward forces
across it are equal.
o Cross-sectional area: A = 2RL
o Distending force (outward pressure times area):
PA = P(2RL)
o Restraining pressure acting inward (tension times
length): T(2L) |
|
|
Term
| Describe BP variance with respiration |
|
Definition
| Inhalation causes a decrease intrathoracic pressure that aids venour return. Exhalation does the opposite. |
|
|
Term
| Describe BP variance under mechanical ventilation. |
|
Definition
| PPV= increased intrathoracic pressure, decreased venous return, especiallly during inspiration. Decreased art. line amplitude under PPV= pt is dry. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
SVR=[(MAP-CVP)x80]/CO
nomal is 1500-1900 dynes/sec/cm-5
As resistance increases, flow (perfusion) decreases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Adaptive in low volume states
Maladaptive post MI where it decreases tissue perfusion and increases cardiac afterload
Also seen during SNS response, increased catecholamine release |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Caused primarily by decreased venous return in a variety of conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Septic shock (early), nipride, increased metabolism, etc. Will have a higher mv02 |
|
|
Term
| Hemodynamic trends in septic shock |
|
Definition
| decreased PCW, MAP, SVR. Increased CI. |
|
|
Term
| Hemodynamic trends in cardiogenic shock. |
|
Definition
| Decreased MAP, CI. Increased PCW and SVR |
|
|
Term
| Hemodynamic trends in hemhorragic shock |
|
Definition
| Decreased MAP, CI, PCW. Increased SVR. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shows Ulnar nerve patency. To be done before art line insertion |
|
|
Term
| List circumstances in which PWP may not equal LVEDP |
|
Definition
| Stiff and noncompliant LV, mitral valve disease, LA hypertrophy or pulmonary disease (normal PWP with elevated LAP) |
|
|
Term
| List circumstances in which CVP will not reflect accurate LVEDP |
|
Definition
| pulmonic and tricuspid valve problems. RAP is influenced by volume, venous tone, increased PVR |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cardiac function, venous return to the heart. |
|
|
Term
| 4 determinants of cardiac function |
|
Definition
| preload, afterload, HR, contractility |
|
|
Term
| Name components of CVP waveform |
|
Definition
a wave:right atrial contraction, p wave
c wave: tricuspid valve bulge during early RV contraction. QRS
x descent: downward movement of RV during contraction. Before T wave
v wave:RA full and tricuspid is bulging. As T wave is ending
y descent: Tricuspid open, RV diastole, before p wave. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Afib: no A waves
AV dissociation: Cannon A waves. Increased in size
Tricuspid regurg: looks like artline waveform. c wave and x descent replaced by regurg wave. False high mean, look at pressures between regurg waves
Tamponade: all pressures elevated, y descent small or gone |
|
|
Term
| Contraindications to SWAN |
|
Definition
| relative: WPW, Ebstein's malformations, L BBB, left fascicular block |
|
|
Term
| Instances where PCWP overestimates LVEDP |
|
Definition
| chronic mitral stenosis, PEEP, LA myxoma, pulmonary HTN |
|
|
Term
| Instances where PAWP underestimates LVEDP |
|
Definition
| Things that increase LV pressure: stiff LV, LVED>25 mm Hg, Aortic Insufficiency |
|
|
Term
| Relationship between PCWP and PAEDV |
|
Definition
| In absence of PVR, difference is 1-4 mm Hg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. atrial pressure (venous pressure and return)
2. HR
3. ventricular distensibility (compliance) |
|
|
Term
| Depolarizing neuromuscular blockers |
|
Definition
| Succ. Ach receptor agonist. Metabolized by pseudocholinesterase |
|
|
Term
| Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers |
|
Definition
Ach competative antagonists. No depolarization.Reversal of their blockade depends on redistribution, gradual metabolism, excretion, or administration
of specific reversal agents (cholinesterase inhibitors) that inhibit acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Train of four is four supramaximal stimuli every 0.5 sec (2 Hz).
T4 is lost at 80% receptor occupancy, T3 at 85%, T2 at 90%, T1 at 95% |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A phase I block (depolarizing blockade-Succinylcholine) does NOT exhibit fade during train of four. If enough Succinylcholine is
given, however, you can witness a phase 2 blockade. This usually occurs with repeated dosing and succinylcholine infusions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The occurrence of fade, a gradual lessening of evoked response, is
characteristic of nondepolarizing blockade. This is a phase II block. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Characterized by:
o Fade and post-tetanic facilitation (NDMR and phase II depolarizing block) or
o Diminished height from control without fade or PTF (depolarizing block).
• Disadvantages: It is painful and may produce lasting antagonism of block during recovery. It may also hasten onset by
increasing blood flow to the limb. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Post-tetanic count (PTC) - Apply tetanus at 50 Hz x 5 sec, wait 3 sec, then begin single twitch at 1 Hz.
• Number of PTCs correlates inversely with time to recovery of a deep block. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
This is a mode consisting of two short bursts of 50 Hz tetanic stimulation separated by 750 msec.
• The aim is to allow tactile detection of small amounts of residual blockade under clinical conditions (more sensitive than TOF in
detecting residual paralysis). |
|
|
Term
| Extubation parameter and associated NIFs |
|
Definition
Parameter Negative Inspiratory Pressure (cm H2O)
Control -90
Head lift 5 sec -53
Effective swallow -43
Patent airway with jaw lift -39 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Can be sensory, motor, visual or auditory
Signals are produced as a nervous system response to stimuli, and altered signals can indicate dysfunction
Latency – time between the stimulus and potential
Amplitude – intensity or height of stimulus |
|
|
Term
| Somatosensory Evoked Potentials (SSEP) |
|
Definition
Monitor the integrity of the sensory spinal cord (dorsal columns)
Can warn against spinal cord ischemia (posterior spinal arteries)
Technology is square-wave signals with sensory input, transfer to sensory (posterior) cord, then to the
thalamus and eventually the sensorimotor cortex
Volatile anesthetics decrease amplitude and increase latency of SSEPs. Use about 0.5 MAC of a volatile
agent and no greater than 50-60% N20 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Bispectral) monitor is used to measure depth of anesthesia.
• Data measured by EEG (electroencephalography) are taken through a number of steps to calculate a single number that
correlates with depth of anesthesia and hypnosis.
• BIS monitoring may reduce patient awareness and resource utilization in terms of drugs. It may also help facilitate a faster wakeup
time. Many of the initial studies were observational in nature and not randomized, prospective trials. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
100 – awake
90-70 light/moderate sedation
70-60 deep sedation (low probability of recall)
60-40 general anesthesia
40-10 deep hypnotic state
10-0 flat EEG |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Increased stimulation
Decreased anesthetic level
Vaporizer malfunction
Movement
Bair Hugger interference |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Decrease in surgical stimulation
Hypothermia
Lead placement |
|
|
