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| compounds composed only of carbon and hydrogen |
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| the chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule |
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| compounds with the same formula but different structures, such as glucose and fructose |
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| a chemical group that affects a molecule's function by participating in chemical reactions in a characteristic way |
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| soluble in water (water loving) |
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| consists of a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom, which is bonded to the carbon skeleton. Organic compounds containing this functional group are called alcohols. |
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| a carbon atom linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom. If the group is at the end of the carbon skeleton the compound is called an aldehyde. If the group is within the chain it is called a ketone. |
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| consists of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group; acts as an acid by contribution an H+ to a solution and becoming ionized |
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| composed of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and the carbon skeleton; acts as a base by picking up an H+ from a solution |
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| consists of a phosphorous atom bonded to four oxygen atoms. It is usually ionized and attached to the carbon skeleton by one of its oxygen atoms. |
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| consists of a carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms; affects the expression of genes |
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| carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids |
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| a large molecule consisting of many identical or similar molecular units, called monomers, covalently joined together in a chain |
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| a chemical subunit that serves as a building block of a polymer |
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| a chemical process in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule |
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| a chemical process in which polymers are broken down by the chemical addition of water molecules to the bonds linking their monomers |
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| a carbohydrate monomer like glucose or fructose |
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| two monosaccharides joined by a dehydration reaction |
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| polymers of monosaccharides linked by dehydration reactions, such as starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin |
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| diverse compounds that are grouped together because they mix poorly with water and are mainly carbon atoms linked to hydrogen atoms by nonpolar covalent bonds |
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| "water fearing" molecules that are insoluble in water |
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| a large lipid made from glycerol and fatty acids |
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| fatty acids and fats with double bonds in the carbon chain because they have less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms |
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| fats with the maximum number of hydrogen atoms and no double bonds |
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| the monomers of proteins; consist of a central carbon atom bonded to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a chemical group called the R group that differs with each amino acid |
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| the monomers that make up nucleic acids; consist of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base |
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| polymers made up of nucleotides (DNA and RNA) |
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