Term
|
Definition
addition of a phosphate group to a substrate
(can activate or deactivate) |
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|
Term
| cellular respiration steps |
|
Definition
glycolysis
pyruvate processing
citric acid cycle
electron transport and chemiosmosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
one molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of three-carbon compound pyruvate
2 ATP molecules are produced from ADP and one molecule of NAD+ is reduced to form NADH |
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|
Term
|
Definition
pyruvate is processed to form acetyl-CoA
another molecule of NADH is produced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
acetyl-CoA is oxidized to two molecules of CO2
more ATP and NADH are produced and FAD is reduced for form another electron carrier, FADH2 |
|
|
Term
| electron transport and chemiosmosis |
|
Definition
electrons from NADH and FADH2 move through a series of proteins called an electron transport chain
potential energy released during these redox reactions is used to create a proton gradient across a membrane
ensuing flow of protons back across membrane is used to make ATP (25) |
|
|
Term
| substrate-level phosphorylation |
|
Definition
phosphate group from intermediate substrate + ADP -> ATP
used in glycolysis and citric acid cycle |
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|
Term
|
Definition
catalyzes one of early reactions of glycolysis
inhibited allosterically by ATP |
|
|
Term
| overall respiration reaction |
|
Definition
| C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| metabolic pathway that regenerates NAD+ from NADH stockpiles, allowing glycolysis to continue making ATP in absence of oxygen (2ATP) |
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|
Term
| cells' 2 fundamental requirements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hierarchy for ATP production |
|
Definition
| carbohydrates, then fats, and finally proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 6CO2 + 12H2O + light energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O |
|
|
Term
| light-dependent reactions |
|
Definition
| produce O2 from H2O (photosynthesis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduces carbon dioxide to produce sugar |
|
|
Term
| photosynthesis direct function |
|
Definition
| converts electromagnetic energy in form of sunlight into chemical energy in C-C and C-H bonds of sugar |
|
|
Term
| classes of pigments in plant leaves |
|
Definition
| chlorophylls and carotenoids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| absorb blue and red light and transmit green light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| absorb blue and green light and transmit yellow, orange, or red light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
long tail made of isoprene subunits
head consisting of a large ring structure |
|
|
Term
| elements of a photosystem |
|
Definition
antenna complex
reaction center |
|
|
Term
| mitosis and cytokinesis 3 key events |
|
Definition
growth
wound repair
reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chromosomes condense into compact structures
formation of spindle apparatus
spindles move to opposite sides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nucleolus disappears, nuclear envelope disintegrates
kinetochore microtubules attach to sister chromatids
chromosomes begin to align |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
centrosomes reach poles of cell
chromosomes align along metaphase plate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
centromeres split
kinetochore microtubules shorten
sister chromatids move to opposite poles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nuclear envelope begins to form around each chromosome set
spindle apparatus disintegrates
chromosomes begin to de-condense |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protein kinase- enzyme that catalyzes transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a target protein (cyclin-dependent kinase)
cyclin- regulatory protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cell size is adequate
nutrients are sufficient
social signals are present
DNA is undamaged |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chromosomes have replicated successfully
DNA is undamaged
activated MPF is present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all chromosomes are attached to spindle apparatus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all chromosomes are attached to spindle apparatus |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of cancer cell defects |
|
Definition
defects that make proteins required for cell growth active when they shouldn't be (proto-oncogene -> oncogene)
defects that prevent tumor suppressor genes from shutting down cell cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two members of each gene pair must segregate into different gamete cells during formation of egg and sperm in parents |
|
|
Term
| principle of independent assortment |
|
Definition
| alleles of different genes are transmitted independently of one another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| >2 distinct phenotypes in population due to multiple allelism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| many genes each have small contribution to value of a quantitative trait |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| having one copy of allele is sufficient to give partial/weak coloration |
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