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Molecular Phylogenetics
Life and Evolution
34
Biochemistry
Undergraduate 1
01/08/2013

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Cards

Term
Where is life thought to have began?
Definition
Bacteria on stomatolites
Term
How old are the oldest eukaryotic fossils?
Definition
1,600 Million Years
Term
Outline the general order of evolution?
Definition
Formation of earth, microorganisms, algae, arthropods, dinosaurs, modern life
Term
Who proposed the theory for evolution?
Definition
Charles Darwin
Term
Which cycles are microorganisms important in?
Definition
The Carbon, nitrogen and sulphur cycles
Term
What two things are used to identify links on the tree of life?
Definition
Morphology and Genetics
Term
Why is morphology not always the best way of identifying evolutionary links?
Definition
Closely lined organisms do not always look the same
Term
How can we use DNA to make evolutionary links?
Definition
Comparing the genomes of the organisms and seeing how closely related their mutations are.
Term
What are the three domains in the tree of life?
Definition
Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya
Term
What is the order of evolutionary progression of the domains?
Definition
Bacteria, Archaea and the Eukarya
Term
How can we root the tree of life?
Definition
By having an out group and an in group and working out which species do not fit.
Term
After analysing the mitochondria genome it has been found that the DNA is of ____ origin?
Definition
Bacterium
Term
What is cell symbiosis?
Definition
The incorporation of many bacteria to form a completely different organism
Term
What are the two original endosymbiots?
Definition
Archaebacterium and Spirochaete
Term
What did the Archaebacterium provide?
Definition
A base, simple cell
Term
What did the spirochaete provide?
Definition
A tail like extension so the organisms could move
Term
What did the archaebacterium and spirochaete combine to form?
Definition
A eukaryote without a mitochondria
Term
Which endosymbiot provided the mitochondria?
Definition
Proteobacterium
Term
What does the proteobacterium, spirochaete and archaebacterium create?
Definition
Protozoa
Term
Protozoa then branched out into which organisms?
Definition
Fungi and Animals
Term
The combination of Animals and which endosymbiot caused a plant cell?
Definition
Cyan bacterium
Term
What does the mitochondrial gene Hsp70 do?
Definition
Traps and pulls molecules into the mitochondria and regulates mitochondrial channel proteins
Term
Which mitochondrial gene has been laterally transferred from bacteria?
Definition
Hsp70
Term
Where has the majority of eukaryotic DNA come from?
Definition
Archaeabacteria and Bacteria
Term
What does chimeric mean?
Definition
A mixture of two separate organisms genes
Term
What are the two models of the origin of humans?
Definition
Out of Africa and The Multiregional Model
Term
What is the multiregional model?
Definition
Many populations of Homo sapiens arose from Homo erectus
Term
What is the Out of Africs theory?
Definition
Homo sapiens came out of Africa and out competed the Homo erectus
Term
How can we test the two theories of man?
Definition
Look at the relationships between neanderthals and humans
Term
What did the phylogenetic tree of man show?
Definition
That the common ancestor of all humans in the African race
Term
How did we get neanderthal DNA?
Definition
Extracting it from dead neanderthal bone marrow
Term
How was the neanderthal DNA amplified?
Definition
PCR
Term
After comparing neanderthal DNA to homo sapiens what did they conclude?
Definition
Africans did not interbreed with neanderthals but other races (caucasians) did
Term
What percentage of Eurasian genomes are derived from a neanderthal genome?
Definition
1-4%
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