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Definition
| Adenosine Tri Phosphate (ATP) is arguably the most important molecule located within the bodies of human beings. It carries the energy necessary to facilitate all of the processes of human metabolism |
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| Why do the electrons in ATP have high potential energy? |
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Definition
| because the four negative charges in its three phosphate groups repel each other. |
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| In cells, endergonic reactions become exergonic when... |
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Definition
| the substrates or enzymes involved are phosphorylated. |
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| the atom that loses one or more electrons is... |
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| the atom that loses one or more electrons is... |
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| the atom that gains one or more electrons is... |
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What are reservoirs of electrons?
(&associated with carbon and hydrogen?) |
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Definition
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| What Happens When Glucose Is Oxidized? |
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Definition
| • Glucose is highly reduced, which means that it has high potential energy |
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| As glucose is oxidized it ________ protons along with electrons, reducing its potential energy. |
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Definition
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{[nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)]}.
Two electrons and one proton from organic compounds are transferred to NAD+, reducing it to... |
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Definition
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| Cellular respiration is a four-step process: |
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Definition
(1) Glucose is broken down to pyruvate.
(2) Pyruvate is processed to form acetyl-CoA.
(3) Acetyl-CoA is oxidized to CO2.
(4) Compounds that were reduced in steps 1–3 (NADH and FADH2) are oxidized in reactions that lead to ATP production. |
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Definition
| a series of ten chemical reactions, is the first step in glucose oxidation. |
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| Glucose is broken down into ____ 3-carbon molecules of ____________, and the potential energy released is used to phosphorylate ADP to form ATP. |
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Definition
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Glycolysis (“splitting of sugar”)
means... |
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Definition
| breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate |
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Term
| Oxidative phosphorylation accounts for almost __% of the ATP |
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Definition
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Definition
the mechanism of cellular respiration involves another multistep process.
The Krebs cycle uses the two molecules of pyruvic acid formed in glycolysis and yields high-energy molecules of NADH and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH), as well as some ATP. |
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| Fatty acids are broken down by... |
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| In alcohol fermentation, pyruvate is converted to ______________ in two steps, with the first releasing CO2 |
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Definition
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| In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced by _____________, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 |
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Definition
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| Only ~__% of the sun’s energy that reaches the Earth is converted into chemical energy |
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Definition
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| ________________ sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms |
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Definition
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| ________________ obtain their organic material from other organisms |
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Definition
| thylakoids are internal vesicle-like structures: these are embedded with photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll |
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| What are the Two Linked Components? |
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Definition
| 1. light-dependent reactions 2. Calvin cycle |
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| What does the the light-dependent reactions do? |
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Definition
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| What does the the light-independent reactions of the Calvin cycle produce? |
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Definition
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| Photons are absorbed when the energy of the photon is equal to the difference between the ground state and the excited state of the electron |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is best at absorbing a wavelength of 680 nm |
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Term
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Definition
| is best at absorbing a wavelength of 700 nm |
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Term
•Oxidative phosphorylation
•Energy of electrons comes from food
•ATP is made utilizing NADH |
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Definition
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Term
•Photophosphorylation
•Energy of electrons comes from sunlight
•ATP is made without utilizing NADPH |
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Definition
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| When the fixed carbon is reduced to CH2O by the addition of H+ and e- via NADPH... what is it called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Carbon Fixation has to happen how many times? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is signal transduction? |
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Definition
| the process by which a cell converts an extracellular signal into a response |
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Term
| What are like falling dominoes? |
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Definition
| receptor to response (proteins) |
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Term
| _________ ____________ are enzymes that transfer phosphate from ATP to the hydroxl R groups of serine, tyrosine, or threonine. |
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