Term
| Do egg and sperm cells contain the same amount of nuclear DNA? |
|
Definition
| yes; just a different amount of cytoplasm. |
|
|
Term
| Does a red blood cell replicate? |
|
Definition
| No; there is no nucleus in a red blood cell |
|
|
Term
| Which types of RNA are never translated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does a virus attack other cells? |
|
Definition
| Because the virus cannot express its own genetic information; it needs to hijack a cell that can express the information for the virus |
|
|
Term
| What element was NOT included in the Miller-Urey experiment, and why? |
|
Definition
| oxygen; because primordial earth would not have oxygen in the atmosphere until the plant kingdom evolved to include photosynthesis. |
|
|
Term
| what discovery made in 1981 changed the way the world saw RNA? |
|
Definition
| that some RNA was catalytic! |
|
|
Term
| what can catalytic RNA do? |
|
Definition
-remove portions of its own sequence
-connect RNA together
-catalyze its own replication
-catalyze peptide bonds among proteins |
|
|
Term
| why is RNA unstable in the cell? |
|
Definition
| because the cytoplasm contains enzymes that are capable of destroying RNA :( |
|
|
Term
| Why is RNA single stranded instead of double stranded? |
|
Definition
"because the cell makes it that way"
...how informative! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| SA to V ratio; a larger cell cannot communicate as efficiently with its environment, because it has a SMALL surface area to volume ratio. |
|
|
Term
| all cells are basically the same in ____? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stanley Miller's experiments led to the creation of ___? |
|
Definition
at first: simple organic molecules.
after successive rounds: amino acids, simple acids, and aldehydes |
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship between a ribozyme and its substrate? |
|
Definition
| can either be two separate molecules, or two domains of the same molecule. |
|
|
Term
| how does RNA replicate itself? |
|
Definition
1. catalyzes the polymerization of nucleotides to form a complementary sequence, using itself as the template
2.using the complementary sequence, creates another comp. sequence that is identical to original sequence. |
|
|
Term
| order of RNA based system -> present day |
|
Definition
1. ribozymes
2. evolution of RNA's that can direct protein dynthesis
3. evolution of new enzymes that create DNA and make RNA copies from said DNA |
|
|
Term
| what would the first cell look like? |
|
Definition
-phospholipid membrane (phobic in, phillic out)
- RNA inside the cell, instead of DNA |
|
|
Term
| what do prokaryotes lack? |
|
Definition
| nuclear envelope, organelles, cytoskeleton |
|
|
Term
| what is the distinguishing feature of a eukaryote? |
|
Definition
| having a nucleus/nuclear membrane |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Eukaryotes are the most diverse group of living things on the planet. |
|
Definition
| FALSE: prokaryotes are the most diverse. even when looking at colonies of the same species, minute difference can be found. |
|
|
Term
| what is a similarity between the kingdoms bacteria and archaea? |
|
Definition
| they lack a nucleus; translation and transcription can happen at the same time. |
|
|
Term
| T/F: the nucleus contains all of the DNA in the cell |
|
Definition
| FALSE: it contains most DNA. chloroplast and mitochondria also have DNA. |
|
|
Term
| what takes place in the mitochondria that cannot take place in a prokaryotic cell? |
|
Definition
| the electron transport chain |
|
|
Term
| how did organelles come to be inside of a cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the exchange of materials with the cell and the outside world involves the ____? |
|
Definition
| plasma membrane, small vesicles, E.R, golgi body, and the lysosomes |
|
|
Term
| how did the eukaryote possibly evolve/come to be? |
|
Definition
| when a bacterial chromosome got attached to a plasma membrane of a cell and was enveloped by the cell and surrounded by an internal double membrane |
|
|
Term
| T/F: bacteria are not considered multicellular organisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: the genomes of chloroplasts and mitochondrion are closer to porkaryotes than eukaryotes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the evidence for endosymbiosis? |
|
Definition
1. organelles have their own DNA
2. organelles resemble present-days prokaryotes
3. organelles have a similar DNA sequence to prokaryotes
4. organelles can divide independently of the cell
5. organelles have a double membrane |
|
|
Term
| which organelle contains multiple copies of its genome and can divide like bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the human mtDNA contains how many genes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can chloroplast and mitochondria live outside of the cell? |
|
Definition
| NO; because over time, the cells have taken some DNA from the organelles and moved it to the nucleus of the cell. :( |
|
|
Term
| T/F: the presence of organelles defines a cell and eukaryotic or prokaryotic |
|
Definition
| FALSE; only the presence of a nucleus defines a cell |
|
|
Term
| what does it mean when the cell has no mitochondria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do colonies of cells have division of functions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| definition of multicellularity: |
|
Definition
| division of function in a permanent way |
|
|
Term
| the life cycle of the weird fungi thing went in between which styles? |
|
Definition
unicellular and colonial
-haploid the whole time via mitosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bound by tight junctions and form sheets that cover body services and form the lining of internal organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adipose, muscle and cartilage, fibroblasts |
|
|
Term
| T/F: neurons, like every other cell, go through the cell cycle many times |
|
Definition
FALSE: go through once, then never return
-"O" phase |
|
|
Term
| what are the three types of muscle cells? |
|
Definition
| skeletal, muscular, smooth |
|
|
Term
| what two types of cells generate electrical activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what distinguishes living cells from other non-living cells? |
|
Definition
-cells are highly complex and organized
-cells posses a genetic program and the means to use it
-cells are capable of producing more of themselves
-cells are capable of acquiring and utilizing energy
-cells carry out a variety of chemical reactions
-cells engage in numerous mechanical activities
-cells are able to respond to external stimuli
-cells maintain their complex state by constant self-regulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fats, lipids, and membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is spontaneous, hydrolysis or dehydration, and why? |
|
Definition
| Hydrolysis; because you go from 1 molecule to 2= more order to less order. |
|
|
Term
| the condensation of two monosaccharides results in what type of bond? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the components of a fatty acid? |
|
Definition
| hydrophilic carboxylic acid head, and a hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail |
|
|
Term
| how are triacylglycerols created? |
|
Definition
| fatty acids are ester linked to glycerol |
|
|
Term
| what does unsaturated mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: saturated fatty acids tend to form aggregates and deposits inside blood vessels |
|
Definition
| true, because they cannot bend and mesh with each other |
|
|
Term
| which types of unsaturated fatty acids to not form aggregates? |
|
Definition
| cis; because they bend with each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| going from a cis unsat. fatty acid to a trans unsat. fatty acid |
|
|
Term
| how do you form a phospholipid? |
|
Definition
two -OH groups in glycerol are linked to fatty acids while the third -OH group is linked to a phosphoric acid
-the phosphate group is linked to a small polar group(an alcohol) |
|
|
Term
| biological membranes typically contain: |
|
Definition
| one saturated and one unsaturated fatty acid |
|
|
Term
| what do saturated fatty acids to for the membrane? |
|
Definition
| make it less fluid, due to aggregation |
|
|
Term
| what do cis unsaturated fatty acids do for the membrane? |
|
Definition
| reduce membrane strength because they do not aggregate |
|
|
Term
| in what physical state would you find a saturated fatty acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: membrane creation is NOT spontaneous |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the distribution of macromolecules in a cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which is there more of in a cell, rna or dna? why? |
|
Definition
| rna; because rna is the biproduct of gene expression |
|
|
Term
| what types of bonds are used to form macromolecules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what makes up an amino acid? |
|
Definition
| amino group, carboxyl group, side chain all centered around a carbon |
|
|
Term
| what type of bond holds a polypeptide together? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of bond defines the structure of a protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in a folded polypetide, _________ side chain tend to cluster at the core of the protein and away from the aqueous surrounding, leaving the ______ and charged side chains at the surface. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secondary structures can be what kind of structure? |
|
Definition
| alpha helix or beta sheet |
|
|
Term
| proteins are synthesized as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| protein maturation involves: |
|
Definition
-correct folding
-proteolytic cleavage
-chemical modifications
-quaternary structure
-association with cofactors |
|
|
Term
| T/F: each step in protein synthesis cannot be controlled. |
|
Definition
| FALSE, each step can be a target for control (gene expression) |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of a chaperone? |
|
Definition
| to keep the protein unfolded until it is completely formed. |
|
|
Term
| ______ bonds form between adjacent cysteine residues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a rubberlike elastic meshwork present in the extracellular matrix of some cell types
-allows tissues like skin, arteries, lungs to stretch and recoil without tearing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| something that can unfold and denature a polypeptide by breaking non-colvalent interactions between amino acids |
|
|
Term
| _____ are necessary to break disulfide bonds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| urea is produced in the ____ of mammals as a way to excrete _______. It can break __________ interactions between amino acids. |
|
Definition
| liver, ammonia, noncovalent |
|
|
Term
| what are fibrillar collagens and what are they built of? |
|
Definition
| major structural proteins of connective tissues; built of triple helices of procollagen polypeptides |
|
|
Term
| what is the regulation of gene expression? |
|
Definition
| the regulation of amount of protein produced by the cell by limiting transcription and/or translation |
|
|
Term
| what is control of protein function? |
|
Definition
| the protein is created but the activity is restricted according to the needs of the cell |
|
|
Term
| what is allosteric regulation? |
|
Definition
| a change in the conformation of a protein that effects its activity due to the binding of its regulatory molecule (the end product of a pathway) |
|
|
Term
| what is allosteric inhibition? |
|
Definition
| when the ligand alters the enzyme ***** |
|
|
Term
| what is necessary for the activation or inactivation of many proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do protein kinase enzymes do? |
|
Definition
| transfer a phosphate group from ATP to proteins |
|
|
Term
| what two types of protein kinases are used in phosphorylation? |
|
Definition
| serine/threonine, and tyrosine |
|
|
Term
| what are protein phosphatases? |
|
Definition
| enzymes that remove phosphate groups from phosphorylated proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a small protein that is attached to a target protein and is a label for regulation or destruction |
|
|
Term
| what does mono-ubiquitylation result in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does multi-ubiquitylation result in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does poly-ubiquitylation result in? |
|
Definition
| proteosomal degradation or DNA repair |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the ubiquitins when the protein has been degraded? |
|
Definition
| they are recycled by the proteosome |
|
|
Term
| describe the process of ubiquitylation. |
|
Definition
1. ubiquitin ligase attached ubiquitin to the protein
2. the cap portion of the proteosome recognizes the ubiquitin and grabs it
3. ubiquitins are removed and recycled
4. the proteosome degrades the target protein by several ATP-dependent steps |
|
|
