Term
| What is Gregor Mendel known for? |
|
Definition
| Basic laws of inheritance |
|
|
Term
| What is Frederick Miescher known for? |
|
Definition
| Isolated Nuclein composition: acidic and basic |
|
|
Term
| What is Frederick Griffith known for? |
|
Definition
| Transformation experiment: Transformed non-pathogenic pneumonia into pathogenic pneumo |
|
|
Term
| What did the Transformation experiment focus on? |
|
Definition
S strain - encapsulated; highly pathogenic
R strain - unencapsulated; nonpathogenic
Dead mice vs. Living mice |
|
|
Term
| What are Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty known for? |
|
Definition
| Determined transforming substance: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
|
|
Term
| What did Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty's results confirm? |
|
Definition
DNA is destroyed by DNAse
DNA is unaffected by proteolytic enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine
Deoxyribose
Phosphate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Base composition of DNA varies w/species
DNA from diff. tissues from same spec is the same
DNA bases do not change with age, nutrition, or environment
In all DNAs, A=T, G=C |
|
|
Term
| What are Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins known for? |
|
Definition
| X-ray diffraction studies |
|
|
Term
| What are James Watson and Francis Crick known for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the key aspects of the 3-D model proposed and accepted by science of DNA? |
|
Definition
Double Stranded
Double Helix
Hydrophilic backbone of deoxyribose & phosphate
DNA strands not identical but complementary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stores genetic information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Found in nucleus (most) & mitochondria (some) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many types of RNA are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
The 3 types of RNA that we looked at in lecture are each involved in translating DNA sequence into protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is RNA Single Stranded or Double Stranded (Usually)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is DNA Single Stranded or Double Stranded (Usually)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many Nucleotide polymers does DNA have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many Nucleotide polymers does RNA have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Uracil a Purine or Pyrimidine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of sugar defines nucleic acid type? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is at Position 2' of Ribose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is at Position 2' of Deoxyribose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sugar + Purine or Pyrimidine |
|
|
Term
| What is the nucleoside of Adenosine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the nucleoside of Cytidine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the nucleoside of Guanosine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the nucleoside of Uridine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RNA: Adenylate's nucleotide becomes what? |
|
Definition
| adenosine-5'-monophosphate |
|
|
Term
| What does the Phosphate group from 1 nucleotide connect to from another nucleotide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the sugar group from 1 nucleotide connect to from another nucleotide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the 5' phosphate group bind to sugar on next nucleotide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| End of strand with free phosphate end called ____ end |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| End of strand with hydroxyl group is ____ end |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nucleotide sequence is ALWAYS written or read in a _____ manner using base abbreviations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| G-C has how many hydrogen bonds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A-T has how many hydrogen bonds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The phosphate-deoxyribose backbones are the _____ of the ladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Nitrogen bases hydrogen bonded to each other are the ______ of the ladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are the 2 strands of DNA parallel or antiparallel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the sequence for the other strand of the following:
5'-ACTCCGA-3' |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What would the sequence for the other strand of the following appear "in nature":
5'-ACTCCGA-3'? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The two complementary strands ____ or ____ to each other through hydrogen bonds between the bases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Each DNA strand has the potential to deliver and code for information |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the length of DNA given in terms of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of RNA that we covered in lecture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Copy of DNA code for making protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of ribosomal machinery (used to make protein) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carries Amino Acids to Ribosome where Protein is Formed |
|
|
Term
True or False:
RNA is easily degraded and is referred to as transient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In vivo, ____ degrades and forms uracil; leading to a DNA mutation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Any uracil found in DNA is corrected by "proofreading" system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Entire set of DNA that makes up a particular organism |
|
|
Term
| Organism's genome contains ______ sequence information necessary for making the proteins that produce a complete organism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Almost all genome located in nucleus EXCEPT tiny piece located in ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| energy-producing organelles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each ______ cell contains a complete copy of genome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Germ cells have ______ genome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Human genome
________ bp of DNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the Human Genome _____%: Genes encode for protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the Human Genome _____%: Noncoding sequences between and within genes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the Human Genome, ______ bp make up the Mitochondrial DNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many Mitochondrial genes in the Human Genome code for energy production proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dispersed form in nondividing cells |
|
|
Term
| What does Chromatin consist of? |
|
Definition
| Proteins (histone & non-histone) + DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nucleic acid molecule coding for genetic info |
|
|
Term
| Human genome stretched out _______ long |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA wrapped around histones (protein) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Human Chromosome has _____ total alleles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many human chromosomes are Somatic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many human chromosomes are sex chromosomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any one of a number of different forms of the same gene at a given locus (position) on a chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Set of alleles inherited by an individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Observable effect of the genotype |
|
|
Term
| 5 Reasons for extracting nucleic acids |
|
Definition
Genetic Testing
Cancer characterization
Human identity testing - paternity
Human identity testing - forensics
Infectious organisms |
|
|
Term
| Name a few specimens consistent with Nucleic acid extraction and quantification |
|
Definition
Blood
Urine
Semen
Buccal swab
Tissues
Cultured MOs |
|
|
Term
| What is the stability of DNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA is in what kind of strands? |
|
Definition
| Long, thin strands, which may break (shearing) |
|
|
Term
True or False:
You should avoid excessive & rough pipeting and vortexing to avoid sheering DNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common RNA target in nucleic acid extraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small, unstable, easily degraded |
|
|
Term
Are the following DNA or RNA viruses?
HIV
HCV |
|
Definition
| HIV & HCV are RNA Viruses |
|
|
Term
| What kind of genes produce mRNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
You should use Universal Precautions when doing nucleic acid extraction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Use ____ _____ ____ when performing nucleic acid extraction to prevent contamination of pipettes (which can contaminate samples) |
|
Definition
Aerosol Resistant Tips
(ART) |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Small mistakes can lead to big consequences since working with small samples |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Short bursts of centrifuge reaching full speed |
|
|
Term
| What can over vortexing lead to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 Basic steps in nucleic acid extraction |
|
Definition
Cell lysis
Digest proteins
Purify DNA |
|
|
Term
DNA Extraction Protocol
Liquid Phase |
|
Definition
*Cell lysate added to solvents w/ different solubility constants
*DNA present in one layer
*DNA layer separated, precipitated out, then rehydrated |
|
|
Term
DNA Extraction Protocol
Solid Phase |
|
Definition
*Cells lysed & treated w/ proteinases
*DNA precipitated by + OH
*DNA resuspended & + to column with silica
*Centrifuge
*DNA attaches to column
*Column rinsed with buffer
*DNA eluted from column w/ diff buffer
*Purified DNA in bottom of tube |
|
|
Term
True or False:
DNA bind irreversibly to silica depending on pH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
DNA Extraction Solid-Phase protocol is fast, safe, and yields very clean DNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Some RNA may also be extracted with the DNA extraction solid-phase protocol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can you add to the solid phase DNA extraction protocol to remove RNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Average yield of solid phase DNA extraction protocol? |
|
Definition
| 6 micrograms from 200 microliters whole human blood |
|
|
Term
| What is the size of the yield in DNA extraction solid-phase protocol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Should you avoid multiple free-thaw cycles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
RNA Extraction
Process _____ specimens promptly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
RNA Extraction
Place RNA in special _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
RNA Extraction
________ in liquid nitrogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RNases _______ (hands, water, equipment, everywhere) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of components do you need for RNA Extraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should you use to remove DNA which can interfere with test results? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Should you wear gloves while performing RNA Extraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nucleic acids absorb UV light at _________ nM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteins absorb UV at _____ nM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ratio of ___ to _____: Very clean nucleic acid preparation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ratio of ____ to ______: Acceptable for some tests (PCR) but not others (sequencing) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ratio of _____: Not acceptable |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acceptable ratio is for what kind of tests? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of tests does Ratio of 1.6 to 1.8 not work with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1.0 OD unit at A260 = _____ micrograms/mL double stranded DNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1.0 OD260 unit = ______ micrograms/mL RNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A DNA sample gives the following results:
Total volume = 100 microliters
Specimen diluted 1:5
Diluted specimen OD260 = 0.5 units
Diluted specimen OD280 = 0.300 units
What is the purity calculation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you determine purity calculation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A DNA sample gives the following results:
Total volume = 100 microliters
Specimen diluted 1:5
Diluted specimen OD260 = 0.5 units
Diluted specimen OD280 = 0.300 units
What is the Yield calculation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A DNA sample gives the following results:
Total volume = 100 microliters
Specimen diluted 1:5
Diluted specimen OD260 = 0.5 units
Diluted specimen OD280 = 0.300 units
How do you determine the Yield? |
|
Definition
0.5 x 50 = 25 micrograms/milliliter
25 x 5 = 125 micrograms/milliliter
125 / 1000 = 0.125 micrograms/microliter
Multiply by the total volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who proposed Replication, Transcription, and Translation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Revised Central Dogma of Molecular Biology? |
|
Definition
| Retroviruses transcribe RNA into DNA with Reverse Transcriptase |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Reverse Transcriptase is an enzyme |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process to make replica or identical copy of genomic DNA |
|
|
Term
| Is DNA replication semi-conservative? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| After replication each double strand of DNA composed of 1 "new" and 1 "parent" DNA strand |
|
|
Term
| What assures that DNA is copied exactly in DNA Replication? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
DNA Replication
ENZYMES in sequential order |
|
Definition
Helicase
Topoisomerase
Primase
DNA polymerase III |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unwinds and Separates DNA double strand |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Special proteins prevent rejoining of double strands during DNA Replication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reduces supercoiling which occurs during unwinding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adds appropriate nucleotide to 3' end of new DNA strand |
|
|
Term
| What does DNA polymerase require to do its job? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Complementary to DNA template |
|
|
Term
| Newly synthesized DNA strands are _____ to parent strand |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Replicated continuously from 3' end of the parent strand (template) with the newest end of the forming strand facing into the replication fork |
|
|
Term
| What is the direction of strand formation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA polymerase replicates DNA only in ____ to _____ direction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the pieces of the Lagging strand called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With the Okazaki fragments the 5' to 3' synthesis occurs in direction ______ to fork movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each Okazaki fragment has its own ____ ____ formed by primer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After Okazaki fragment complete, __________ removes RNA primer and replaces it with DNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Links the Okazaki fragments |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Replication occurs at multiple sites on chromosome at the same time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RNA Synthesis - Transcription |
|
Definition
| DNA information transferred to a newly assembled piece of RNA |
|
|
Term
| What is the first step in RNA synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does RNA polymerase reads only 1 strand? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which direction is RNA synthesized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the sugar in RNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does mRNA, copy of the "non template" DNA strand, travel to in order to be read to form protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where is the location of the following:
RNA polymerase I |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where is the location of the following:
RNA polymerase II |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where is the location of the following:
RNA polymerase III |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where is the location of the following:
mt RNA polymerase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the product of the following:
RNA polymerase I |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the product of the following:
RNA polymerase II |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the product of the following:
RNA polymerase III |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the product of the following:
mt RNA polymerase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does the following stand for:
mtRNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does the following stand for:
mRNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does the following stand for:
rRNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does the following stand for:
tRNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 type of cells are RNA polymerases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cells are the enzymes RNA polymerase I-III and mt RNA polymerase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA regions that signal RNA polymerase starting point |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Factors (proteins) help RNA polymerase recognize promoter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the Initiation step of Transcription what size section of the DNA helix unwinds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens during the Elongation step of Transcription? |
|
Definition
RNA polymerase moves along DNA
Synthesizes RNA 5' to 3' |
|
|
Term
| What happens during Termination step of Transcription |
|
Definition
Terminator sequence: Stop RNA polymerase
Termination factors (proteins) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 steps of Transcription? |
|
Definition
Initiation
Elongation
Termination |
|
|
Term
| Where does Post-transcriptional processing take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RNA first transcribed from DNA |
|
|
Term
| What does the pre-mRNA contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens during RNA splicing? |
|
Definition
| Noncoding introns are removed from pre-mRNA |
|
|
Term
| What is RNA splicing done by? |
|
Definition
| Spliceosomes (special enzymes) |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Introns vary in size and sequence among individuals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Exons vary in size and sequence among individuals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Intron variations are used in DNA fingerprinting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Intron variations are not used in gene function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
mRNA additional processing:
5' Cap |
|
Definition
| Special modified nucleotide added to 5' end |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
mRNA additional processing:
Poly(A) tail |
|
Definition
| Added to 3' end; can be used to help isolate mRNA |
|
|
Term
| What occurs with the Poly(A)tail in mRNA additional processing? |
|
Definition
*poly(T)s attached to column in solid phase extraction protocol
*Poly(A)tail hybridizes to Poly T and mRNA attaches to column |
|
|
Term
True or False:
The number of As in Poly(A)tail varies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Synthesis of protein using mRNA as template |
|
|
Term
| mRNA transported to _____ for protein synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Linear sequence of amino acids joined by ______ bonds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many Amino Acids are used to make proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which end has the Amino terminus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which end has the Carboxy terminus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for Codon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Codon:
____ nucleotides encode for 1 amino acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If there are 62 codons, how many nucleotides are in the triplet code? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
The Genetic code is redundant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another word for redundant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
An amino acid may be encoded by more than 1 codone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
ALL proteins start with Methionine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the STOP Codons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Mutations or errors in genomic DNA carry through to mRNA and may change protein composition (depending on the error) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do mutations or errors in genomic DNA Always change protein composition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the following an example of?
5'UUUAUGGUACUUAAAGGCCCCUAUUAGGGG-3' |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the following an example of?
5' UUU AUG GUA CUU AAA GGC CCC UAU UAG GGG 3' |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the following an example of?
5' Met Val Leu Lys Gly Pro Tyr Stop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
The Genome is the entire set of genes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of tRNA in translation? |
|
Definition
| Carries amino acids to ribosome to be added to polypeptide |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Each tRNA molecule is specific for only 1 amino acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Each tRNA molecule is specific for 1 specific mRNA codon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tRNA ______ is complementary to mRNA codon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Codon for Phe in mRNA: UUC
Anticodon of tRNA for Phe is _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Multiple ribosomes on a strand of mRNA |
|
|
Term
| Ribosomal enzyme catalyzes formation of _____ bond |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
The appropriate tRNA base pairs with codon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Codons on mRNA are "read" by _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ribosome binds to _____ at initiation site to form initiation complex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where can you find the Protein-ribosomal RNA complex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How fast is the helicase unwinding the double helix? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 reagents in the lysis solution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the Detergent do in the lysis solution? |
|
Definition
| Dirupts cell membrane & Nuclear envelope causing cell to burst open and release DNA |
|
|
Term
| What does the Proteinase K do in the lysis solution? |
|
Definition
| Cuts apart the histones to free DNA |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the concentrated salt solution? |
|
Definition
| Cause proteins and other cellular debris to clump together |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of adding isopropyl alcohol to the DNA suspension |
|
Definition
| Causes DNA to clump out of solution and can be seen with the naked eye |
|
|
Term
| How can DNA be stored for many years? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The number of histones in a nucleosome is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The number of nucleosomes in chromatin is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The number of nuclei that can fit onto the tip of a needle is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the reasons for isolating DNA |
|
Definition
Genetic Testing
Body identification
Analysis of forensic evidence |
|
|
Term
True or False:
The four DNA purification steps are collect cheek cells, burst cells to release DNA, separate DNA from protein and debris, and isolate concentrated DNA. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
The purpose of the salt solution is to cause proteins and the DNA to clump together |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the purpose of adding isopropyl alcohol to the DNA suspension |
|
Definition
| DNA will come out of solution |
|
|
Term
| What project did Maurice Wilkins work on before his DNA studies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the scientist who played a key role in developing the X-ray diffraction technique |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what country did Watson, Crick , Wilkins, and Franklin do their work on DNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who made the X-ray diffraction images which provided key DNA information? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most likely reason Rosalind Franklin was not awarded the Noble Prize? |
|
Definition
| She died and the Noble Prize is only given to living people |
|
|
Term
| What was James Watson's approximate age when he and Frances Crick determined the structure of DNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Did Waston and Crick spend long hours in the lab gathering data for determining DNA structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Select all of the scientists who recieved the Noble Prize for determinig DNA structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which enzyme joins DNA fragments together by reforming the sugar-phosphate bonds of DNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the process used to transfer DNA into bacteria. |
|
Definition
|
|
