Term
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Definition
| Developed the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Discovered the function of DNA Polymerase |
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Definition
| Direction of DNA synthesis, RNA Polymerase |
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Term
| Semiconservative Repication |
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Definition
| Method of DNA Strand Templating, each helix contains a parental strand and a daughter strand |
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Term
| Semidiscontinous Strand Growth |
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Definition
| One strand is replicated continuously in the direction of the movement of the replicating fork. |
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Term
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Definition
| Located in the lagging strand that is replicated discontinously |
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Term
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Definition
| Are needed for initiation of DNA synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Binds directly to DNA without help from nucleotides, synthesizes primer to initiate DNA synthesis |
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Term
| Bi-directional Replication |
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Definition
| Occurs in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells (exceptions are bacterial plasmids and linear DNA viruses) |
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Term
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Definition
| Are created by chromosomal replication |
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Term
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Definition
| The rate of fork movement in human cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Possible locations of fork formation in the human genone |
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Term
| Specific Chromosomal Sites |
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Definition
| Where DNA replication begins |
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Term
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Definition
| Melts the two strands of the chromosome to generate unpaired template strands |
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Term
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Definition
| Synthesizes the leading strand |
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Term
| Multiple primers, 2 nucleases, DNA pol, and Ligase |
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Definition
| Are required to develop the lagging strand of the replication fork |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA pols that make new double stranded DNA's (dsDNA) |
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Term
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Definition
| de novo synthesis of new strands of DNA; catalyzes chain elongation at the growing fork |
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Term
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Definition
| Consist of repetitive oligometric sequences, are needed because the lagging strand is copied in discontinuously which would create a problem for linear DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ribonucleotides with three phosphate groups, is the building block of RNA synthesis and synthesis of primers in DNA replication |
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Term
| Accuracy of Transcription |
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Definition
| Is not as accurate as replication |
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Term
| Only one strand is copied |
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Definition
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Term
| RNA pol does not require a________to initiate |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Form the core of ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Used in translation to make protein |
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Term
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Definition
| Adaptors that link amino acids to mRNA during translation |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA splicing of pre-mRNA to mRNA, found in nucleus of eukaryotic cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Three characteristic molecular weights |
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Term
| Rate of synthesis in transcription |
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Definition
| 50 nucleotides/sec/molecule |
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Term
| Complementary copy of the template strand |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 5',25-200 nucleotides with a ribosome binding sequence |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Intervening sequences that are removed prior to translation |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| 5'-Ribonucleoside triposphates |
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Definition
| Are used to synthesize mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| When RNA pol docks at a promoter, first step of transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA chain elongates, second step of transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| Pol reaches a terminator and releases the completed transcript, third and final step of transcription |
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Term
| The promoter is always located |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| DNA sequence that the RNA pol binds to initially. |
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Term
| Transcription start site is also called the |
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Definition
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Term
| Predominant mechanism that the cell uses to control what proteins will be made at a given time |
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Definition
| Initiation of transcription |
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Term
| Promoter strength depends on |
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Definition
| Similarity to consensus sequence |
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Term
| Mechanism of control of transcription initiation rates |
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Definition
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Term
| The most common bacterial promoters are located at |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Known as the promoter sequence in duplex DNA, RNA Pol Core binds to this first in initiation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Polymerase advances 3'-5' down template strand, melting duplex DNA and adding rNTP's to growing DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Mechanism used by bacteria to control gene expression, share a single promoter |
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Term
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Definition
| Are genes located in the lac operon, are transcribed together |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Transcribes genes into mRNA's in nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| Transcribes tRNA's, 5S rRNA's and snRNA's, genes transcribed by this can carry promoter sequences deep within the coding region |
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Term
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Definition
| Located in the nucleus, transcribes all rRNA genes except for 5SrRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Most highly conserved process, most energy cost |
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Term
| Features of the genetic code relevant to translation |
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Definition
| Codons are sets of 3 bases in the mRNA, codons instruct ribosomes to incorporate specific amino acids into the polypeptide chain, code is non-overlapping and gapless, 61 codons direct the incorporation of 20 a.a. |
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Term
| Proteins are synthesized from |
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Definition
| amino (N) terminus to carboxyl (C) terminus |
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Term
| Peptide bonds are synthesized at |
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Definition
| 15 amino acids/second, same rate of transcription |
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Term
| Coupled transcription/translation |
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Definition
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Term
| Polysomes are formed when |
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Definition
| Multiple ribosomes translate a mRNA at the same time |
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Term
| Non standard base pairing can occur between |
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Definition
| Anti-codon and Codon, wobbles occur at the 3rd codon position or 1st anti-codon position |
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Term
| Anticodon-Codon base pairing is |
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Definition
| Imprecise due to wobble and isoaccepting tRNA's |
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Term
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Definition
| Initiates prokaryotic protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Charge tRNAf and tRNAm with (Met) |
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Term
| The first amino acid at the amino terminus of the polypeptide chain |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Use at internal positions of the polypeptide chain, used in elongation |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to start protein synthesis |
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Term
| Ribosomal subunits that disassemble after each round of translation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Formed when a free 30S/40S subunit combines with an mRNA translation site + fMet-tRNAf or Met-tRNAi |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of an AUG codon and an attached 70S/80S ribosome |
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Term
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Definition
| Are required to terminate protein synthesis, release the polypeptide chain from the last tRNA, and release the ribosome from the mRNA |
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Term
| Elongation factor (EF-G/EF-2) |
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Definition
| Translocates the growing chain with it's mRNA to P site, final step of Elongation |
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Term
| Elongation factor (EF-G/EF-2) |
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Definition
| Translocates the growing chain with it's mRNA to P site, final step of Elongation |
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Term
| Restriction-modification system in bacteria consists of |
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Definition
| Restriction endonucleases and methylases. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sequences that are the same but in alternating directions, sites of methylation. |
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Term
| If the DNA is properly methylated |
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Definition
| Specific nucleases cannot cleave the recognition sequence. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Six cutter", leave 5' overhang. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Four cutter", leaves blunt ends to the DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| "Six cutter with interrupted palindrome". Leaves 5' overhang |
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Term
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Definition
| "Six cutter" with 3' overhang. Same recognition sequence as Bsa HI, but different cleavage position |
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Term
| The utility of restriction endonucleases lies in their |
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Definition
| Sequence specificity and the relatively predictable frequency with which the recognition sites occur within any DNA sample |
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Term
| If there is a 25% probability for a specific base at any given site, the frequency with which different restriction endonuclease sites will occur will be |
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Definition
| 0.25^N, N being the length of the recognition site |
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Term
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Definition
| Catalyzes the stepwise removal of nucleotides from the 3' terminal of duplex DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Single strand specific DNA and RNA nuclease which will degrade single strand extensions from the ends of DNA and RNA and leave blunt ends |
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Term
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Definition
| Catalyze the formation of a phosphodiester bond between juxtaposed 5' phosphate and 3' hydroxyl termini of nucleotides. Act as paste for restriction nucleases. |
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Term
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Definition
| Catalyzes the transfer and exchange of a phosphate group between the gamma position of rATP to the 5'OH terminus of ds/ss DNA/RNA. Also removes 3'P groups. |
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Term
| Calf Intestinal Phosphatase |
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Definition
| Catalyzes the removal of 5' phosphate groups from RNA and DNA. Treated DNA cannot self-ligate |
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Term
| Endogenous (Natural) Plasmids |
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Definition
| Self-replicating extrachromosomal DNA, contain mechanisms to maintain a stable copy number in their bacterial hosts and partition molecules accurately to daughter cells. |
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Term
| If the molar ration of insert DNA to plasmid vector is too high or two low, then |
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Definition
| Plasmids carrying tandem inserts of the DNA fragment or empty plasmids will be generated |
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Term
| All cloning vectors contain |
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Definition
| Origin of replication/replicon, Antibiotic resistance/selectable marker, multiple cloning site |
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Term
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Definition
| Smallest piece of DNA that is able to replicate autonomously and maintain it's copy number |
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Term
| Critical Factors in Electroporation |
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Definition
| Conductivity (NaCl present), Field Intensity, Pulse Length, Temperature (cold) |
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Term
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Definition
| Created by chemical and physical methods, allows DNA to pass through the cell |
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Term
| Methods of Transformation |
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Definition
| Electroporation, or Heatshock/Divalent Cation |
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Term
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Definition
| Appropriate physiological state that allows for chemical transformation |
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Term
| Role of Ca++ in treatment of bacteria on ice |
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Definition
| Crystallizes fluid membranes, stabilizes distribution of charged molecules in membrane |
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Term
| Role of Cl2 in treatment of bacteria on ice |
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Definition
| Causes the cells to swell with water, necessary for DNA uptake |
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Term
| Role of heatshock in CaCl2 protocol |
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Definition
| Increases permeability of cell membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| Encodes for beta-galactosidase, serves as an inductible reporter gene |
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Term
| beta-galactosidase converts X-Gal into |
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Definition
| Galactose and blue indigo |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Stationary phase is at a density of |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Protein denaturant, facilitates protein removal from nucleic acids |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein denaturant, stabilizes interphase, increases density of mixture, removes lipids |
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Term
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Definition
| Prevents foaming of phenol/chloroform mixes during vortexing, enhances phase separation |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA denatures into organic phase, RNA in aqueous phase |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA and RNA partition in aqueous phase |
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Term
| The purpose of adding salts to the precipitation |
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Definition
| To neutralize the negative charge of DNA |
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Term
| The purpose of adding ethanol to DNA precipitation |
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Definition
| To remove water, increases electrostatic force between ions, facilitates formation of ion pairs that results in efficient precipitation of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| More than 1 tRNA molecule can be charged with the same amino acid |
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Term
| Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases |
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Definition
| Activate amino acids and tRNA's by covalently linking them (charging tRNA), has effective proofreading activity |
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Term
| What feature of Replication makes telomeres necessary? |
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Definition
| Discontinous synthesis of the lagging strand |
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Term
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Definition
| Is a reverse transcriptase that serves to extend the 3' end of the lagging strand at a telomere during eukaryotic replication |
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Term
| Features common to cloning vectors |
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Definition
| Origin of replication, selectable marker, multiple cloning site |
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