Term
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Definition
| any substance other than food used in prevention, diagnosis, alleviation, treatment or cure. |
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Term
| what dietary substances are not regulated? |
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Definition
herbs
vitamins
minerals
amino acids |
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Term
| who may write prescriptions? |
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Definition
physicians for humans
vets
dentists
optometrist
nurse practitioners
physicians assistant
pharmacists |
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Term
| what are some rules set to assure customers get what they pay for |
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Definition
quality
uniform strength
purity |
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Term
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Definition
| high abuse not approved in US (ie heroin) |
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Term
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Definition
high abuse (written prescription required)
ie codeine, morphine, methadone, oxycoton |
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Term
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Definition
may lead to limited dependance
(5x in 6 months)
ie tylenol with codeine. |
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Term
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Definition
low abuse potential
vallium/ ativan |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what are some sources of drugs?? |
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Definition
plants-digitalis
minerals - magnesium (antacid)
animals- insulin
synthetic--demerol (very strong analgesic) |
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Term
| how many generic names does a drug have |
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Definition
| one generic name per drug. begins with lower case letter. |
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Term
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Definition
| names given by company ie Tylenol is the trade name for the generic name it is acetemetophen. |
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Term
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Definition
| drug meets same chemical and physical standards established by regulatory agencies. |
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Term
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Definition
| drug produces same effect in tissues. |
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Term
| therapeutically equivalent |
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Definition
| drugs have an equal theraputic effect in a clinical trial. |
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Term
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Definition
drugs may chemically equivalent but not biologically or therapeutically equivalent.
difference in bioavailability(how well it works in body).
fillers and other ingredients may effect absorption. |
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Term
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Definition
indications-why take it
actions-what does it do
contraindications- who should not take it
cautions-what not to do while taking drug
side effects/adverse reactions
interactions- other drugs not to take simultaneously. |
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Term
| where do intravenous drugs |
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Definition
| directly into blood stream |
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Term
| where do oral drugs (ingestible pills enter) |
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Definition
must pass through wall of GI and blood vessel wall before entering blood stream.
* through stomach, intestine, and liver then blood. |
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Term
| where does biotransformation with drugs occur |
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Definition
| in liver by way of small intestine |
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Term
| since oral drugs are biotransformed in the liver, if patient has a weak liver they may not break down drug efficiently. what type of dose would you give this pt. |
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Definition
| a lower dose is needed for weak liver patients, so they do not become toxic. |
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Term
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Definition
Oral (PO) must withstand the acidic stomach
Sublingual (SL) good absorbtion (ie nitroglycerine)
Rectal (PR) good for unconcious, vomiting, children, or unreliable pts. |
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Term
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Definition
bypassing the GI
SL sublingual
and injections |
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Term
| what routes are parenteral (bypass GI) |
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Definition
IV (intravenous) fastest absorption
IM (intramuscular)
Subcutaneous (into fatty tissue)
inhalation
topical agent
transdermal (patches) |
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Term
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Definition
limited to area where it is administered.
(ie) topical local anesthetic used in clinic |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| moves through body via bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
physical and chemical changes that occur in body.
(ie) body breaks it down |
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Term
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Definition
| elimination of drug from body |
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Term
| what are examples of systemic effects |
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Definition
systemic effects occur with
IV
IM
Oral
Rectal suppository |
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Term
PH for acidic drugs are absorbed well in stomach.
True/false |
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Definition
| true, acidic drugs are absorbed better in stomach |
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Term
alkaline drugs are absorbed good in stomach and bad in small intestine.
true/false |
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Definition
| False: alkaline drugs do not absorb well in stomach, but they do absorbe better in small intestine. |
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Term
| what are some factors that can interfere with absorption |
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Definition
*PH-more acidic=better in stomach
more alkaline harder to absorb in stomach.(but alkaline absorbs better in small intestine)
*fat
*food
*age (infants and children have fewer enzymes to metabolize drugs, and geriatric enzymes are depressed. |
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Term
| smoking and drinking induce what liver enzymes? |
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Definition
p 450 enzymes
they accelerate metabolism leading to less effectiveness of drug. |
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Term
| what membrane barriers may a drug pass through |
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Definition
blood brain barrier
&
blood placenta barrier |
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Term
| what is a drug that is a calcium binding drug (stored in bones and teeth) |
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Definition
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Term
| four phases for oral medications to be absorbed |
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Definition
disruption of outer coating
disintegration of tablet, capsule
dispensed throughout GI
dissolved in GI fluid |
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Term
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Definition
affinity or attraction of drug for certain organ
example: amphetamines attracted to cerebrospinal fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
kidneys (most common)
GI (feces, bile)
skin (perspiration)
breast milk
respiratory |
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Term
| what is an example of toxicity |
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Definition
| a pt who takes digoxin may get nauseous and low HR if it falls below 60 they are toxic. |
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Term
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Definition
| mind over matter if you beleive it will cure you it just may |
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Term
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Definition
| initial dose of drug is higher than those that will follow it. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| amount of time it takes a drug to begin working |
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Term
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Definition
| length of time for which a drug is theraputic |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of time required for plasma concentration of drug to decrease by 50% after discontinuing drug. |
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Term
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Definition
effect is related to dose given
increasing dose increases effect |
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Term
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Definition
| plasma concentration of drug arises as the drug distributes to the blood stream, than falls as the drug is distributed to tissues, metabolized and excreted. |
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Term
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Definition
| steady state (equilibrium) of drug in plasma is reached after continuous infusion for 4-5 hours. |
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Term
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Definition
| 4-5 half lifes needed before steady state is reached. |
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Term
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Definition
phase I- drug causes changes in tissues (enzymes other than hepatic enzymes start drug breakdown. (IE esters are broken down in blood plasma)
phase II -drug to liver for biotransformation dose must be set to allow for 1st pass effect. other advanced processes break down drug in liver. once liver starts breakdown amount available to provide desired breakdown effect is much less. |
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Term
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Definition
how strong drug is
amount required to produce 50% of maximal response that drug is capable of inducing.
look at 2 drugs of the same chemical class
ie morphine and codeine, both relieve pain, small doses of morphine will equal large doses of codeine. morphine is much more potent that codeine. |
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Term
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Definition
a comparison of drugs in different chemical classes.
ie codeine and NSAIDS
or
morphine and NSAIDS |
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Term
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Definition
in a trial the concentration of drug induces specified clinical effect in 50% of subjects to whom drug is given. |
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Term
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Definition
| concentration of drug which induces death in 50% of subjects who were given drugs (animals) |
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Term
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Definition
measure of safety
divide lethal dose (50% where drug induced death) by effective dose (where 50% worked)
lethal dose/effective dose. |
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Term
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Definition
margin between theraputic dose and lethal dose
TI -lethal dose/effective dose range from here to lethal dose. |
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Term
| phase I drug testing trials |
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Definition
done on animals
determines biological effects
safe dose range
toxic effects |
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Term
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Definition
| main purpose to test for drug effectiveness and adverse effects. |
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Term
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Definition
patients with drug indication recieving drug
safety and efficacy valued |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| drug is key to unlock and bind receptor site |
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Term
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Definition
| causes something to happen |
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Term
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Definition
| stops effect of agonist, prevents something from happening |
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Term
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Definition
drug inhibits effects of other drug.
1+1=0 |
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Term
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Definition
response elicited by combined drugs is EQUAL TO the combined responses of individual drugs.
1+1=2 |
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Term
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Definition
response elicited by combined drug is GREATER than the combined responses of individual drugs.
1+1=3 |
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Term
| desirable form of antagonism |
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Definition
narcan saves lives from drug overdoses by canceling out effects of narcotics. (low respiration is a sign)
morpine slows breathing, narcan can normalize it |
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Term
| undesirable effects of antagonism |
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Definition
| antacids taken at same time as tetracycline will prevent absorption of tetracycline. |
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Term
| desirable effect of synergism |
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Definition
| phenergan (anti nausea med.) and demerol provide great pain relief when given together. |
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Term
| undersirable effect of synergism |
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Definition
| sedative and barbituate given together may dangerously suppress the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
a drug which has no effect or the corret effect enhances the effect of a second drug or making second drug more potent.
0+1=2 |
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Term
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Definition
| build up theraputic levels of PCN quicker with benemid (antigout meds.) |
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Term
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Definition
| tagamet (gastric antisecretory) potentiates tofranil(antidepressent) this is bad |
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Term
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Definition
pt needs drug to "funtion normally"
can be physical or psychosocial. |
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Term
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Definition
| symptoms would be opposite of how they would act on dependent drug. occurs when drug is no longer given to pt. |
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Term
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Definition
| tolerance or dependence develops to diffeerent drugs which are chemically or mechanically related. |
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Term
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Definition
GI tract routes
oral (PO)
nasogastric tube(NG)
Rectal (R) |
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Term
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Definition
Q-every 4 hrs
qd-every day
bid-2x per day
tid-3x per day
qid-4x per day
prn- as needed
PO by mouth
Stat- immediately
sl-sublingual |
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Term
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Definition
mediated by IgE antibodies
anaphylactic shock. |
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Term
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Definition
complement- dependent reactions involving IgG or IgM antibodies.
hemolytic anemia |
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Term
| adverse reactions type III |
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Definition
mediated by IgG
serum sickness |
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Term
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Definition
delayed hypersensitivity
mediated by T lymphocytes and macrophages
example: contact dermatitis. delayed response itching or rash. |
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Term
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Definition
not a side effect
genetically determined
immunologic mechanism
unexpected. |
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Term
ANS
Autonomic nervous system controls |
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Definition
breathing
heart rate
blood pressure
digestion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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