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| Weber’s term that refers to value-oriented rationality. The value may come from an ethical, religious, philosophical or even holistic context. |
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| Individual action motivated by emotions; one of Weber’s four action types. |
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| Action motivated by custom or tradition; one of Weber’s four action types. |
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| A relationship in which a change in one variable (the independent variable) induces change in another (the dependent variable). |
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| The state of being modern, usually associated with industrial and hyperindustrial societies. |
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| Weber's term for the process by which modes of precise calculation based on observation and reason increasingly dominate the social world. |
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| One who is influenced more by ideals than practical considerations. Alternatively, one who subscribes to the hypothesis that ideas are prime movers (important causal agents) in sociocultural systems. |
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| A formal organization marked by a clear hierarchy of authority and written rules of procedure, staffed by full-time salaried officials, and striving for the efficient attainment of organizational goals. |
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| The tendency of bureaucracies to refine their procedures to attain their goals ever more efficiently. More generally, the process of secondary organizations taking over functions performed by primary groups. |
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| Weber's construct of a “pure type,” an analytical tool created by emphasizing logical or consistent traits of a given social item. |
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| An economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and distribution in which the goal is to produce profit. |
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| Weber's term for authority based on long-established custom or tradition. |
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| Weber's term for authority that is based on law, rules, or regulations. |
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| Weber’s term for authority that rests on the extraordinary characteristics of leaders attributed to them by followers. |
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| The retreat of mysticism, belief in the supernatural, and awe from social life, with these elements being replaced by secular values, rationality, and scientific understanding. |
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| The paradox of supremely rational organizations—that is, bureaucracies—acting in ways that are very irrational in terms of the well-being of the total society. |
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| The use of zweckrational—goal-oriented rational behaviour—to achieve a goal without thought to wider social values, traditions, or emotions. |
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| Rational action in relation to a goal; one of Weber’s four action types. |
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