Term
| Our bodies carry about ______ times as many bacterial cells as nucleated human cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The consortium of colonizing microbes has been dubbed the... |
|
Definition
| human microbiota or microbiome |
|
|
Term
| the human microbiota or microbiome |
|
Definition
| The consortium of colonizing microbes inside the human body |
|
|
Term
| A(n) ______ host is at risk due to opportunistic pathogens. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An immunocompromised host is at risk due to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DENTAL PLAQUE is [this much] Bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DENTAL PLAQUE attaches to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is/are converted to extracellular “sticky” polymers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dietary sugars are converted to... |
|
Definition
| extracellular “sticky” polymers |
|
|
Term
| what too much dental plaque can lead to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If ______ gains access to distal body locations, this can lead to illness. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If dental plaque gains access to ______, this can lead to illness. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If dental plaque gains access to distal body locations, this can lead to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacteria in human dental plaque |
|
|
Term
| are the bacteria in dental plaque considered part of the normal microbiome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ can cause oral flora to enter the bloodstream. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how bacteria in the bloodstream can be trapped in the heart |
|
Definition
| Heart valve defects, such as murmurs, can trap bacteria which then form a biofilm. |
|
|
Term
| Heart valve defects, such as ______, can trap bacteria which then form a biofilm. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______, such as murmurs, can trap bacteria which then form a biofilm. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Heart valve defects, such as murmurs, can trap bacteria which then form... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how dental plaque can harm the heart |
|
Definition
-Dental procedures can cause oral flora to enter the bloodstream.
-Heart valve defects such as murmurs can trap bacteria which then form a biofilm.
-This event can lead to inflammation of the heart; in particular those with underlying heart valve defects. |
|
|
Term
| do bacteria have hostile intent? |
|
Definition
| no, only the need to find food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some ways normal flora benefit the human host |
|
Definition
-Make vitamins.
-Prevent colonization by pathogens.
-Make immunomodulin proteins which stimulate the immune system.
-protection
-integrity of the tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacterially synthesized proteins that stimulate the immune system |
|
|
Term
| how immunomodulin stimulates the immune system |
|
Definition
| stimulates it locally so immune cells can come there to remove pathogens |
|
|
Term
| Are there any human anatomical areas not usually colonized by normal flora? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| human anatomical areas not usually colonized by normal flora |
|
Definition
-muscular
-skeletal
-cardiovascular
-nervous
-endocrine
-lymphatic |
|
|
Term
| what happens when bacteria get into anatomical areas that are not usually inhabited by normal flora? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The immune system is an integrated system of... |
|
Definition
-organs
-tissues
-cells
-cell products |
|
|
Term
| the immune system differentiates... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the immune system is capable of... |
|
Definition
| responding to nearly any foreign molecular structure |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of innate immunity |
|
Definition
-Nonspecific
-Present at birth
-First line of defense |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of adaptive immunity |
|
Definition
-Specific
-Developed over time
-Has “memory”
-Reacts to specific antigens |
|
|
Term
| some physical barriers to disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of the skin that make it a physical barrier against disease |
|
Definition
-Stratum corneum (dead)
-Keratinized
-Slightly acidic pH 5.5
-SALT- Skin Associated Lymphoid Tissue:
+Langerhans cells |
|
|
Term
| part of the skin that's dead |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Skin Associated Lymphoid Tissue |
|
|
Term
| component of Skin Associated Lymphoid Tissue that plays a part in immunity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized immune cells (antigen presenting cells) that reside in/on the skin to alert the immune system of any invading microorganisms |
|
|
Term
| how mucous membranes act as a physical barrier to disease |
|
Definition
-Traps pathogens.
-Cilia move mucus.
-Mucus products can destroy pathogens. |
|
|
Term
| the cells that produce mucous |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| columnar epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
| MUCOUS MEMBRANES are bathed in... |
|
Definition
| antimicrobial products that contain lysozyme, lactoferrin, and lactoperoxidase |
|
|
Term
| the antimicrobial products in mucous membranes contain... |
|
Definition
-lysozyme
-lactoferrin
-lactoperoxidase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hydrolyzes bonds connecting sugars in peptidoglycan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sequesters iron from plasma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Produces superoxide radicals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Peptides produced by normal flora.
-Lethal to related species. |
|
|
Term
| some groups of BACTERIOCINS produced by normal flora |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
class of bacteriocins produced by normal flora
-Many Gram (+)
-Forms holes in target cell membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
class of bacteriocins produced by normal flora
-E. coli (Gram -)
-Damage DNA, stop protein synthesis, & forms holes in inner membrane. |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of complement |
|
Definition
-Composed of >30 host serum proteins.
-Augments (or “complements”) the antibacterial activity of antibodies.
-Function as signals that recruit phagocytes to their activation site.
-Punctures cell membranes causing cell lysis. |
|
|
Term
| complement is composed of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the role of complement in immunity |
|
Definition
-it augments (or “complements”) the antibacterial activity of antibodies
-it functions as signals that recruit phagocytes to their activation site |
|
|
Term
| how complement kills pathogenic bacteria |
|
Definition
| it punctures cell membranes, causing cell lysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Soluble proteins that are released by cells and act as signaling molecules |
|
|
Term
| some processes cytokines are involved in |
|
Definition
-Proliferation
-Differentiation
-Apoptosis
-Cell movement (chemokines) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| low-molecular-weight cytokines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Bind to receptors on uninfected host cell, and render them resistant to viral infection.
-Cleave dsRNA and block viral RNA translation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Has immunomodulatory function |
|
|
Term
| how type I interferons protect cells |
|
Definition
| they bind to receptors on uninfected host cell, and render them resistant to viral infection |
|
|
Term
| how type I interferons slow down viruses |
|
Definition
| they cleave dsRNA and block viral RNA translation |
|
|
Term
| the function of type II interferons |
|
Definition
| immunomodulatory function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nonspecific response to tissue injury |
|
|
Term
| inflammation is caused by... |
|
Definition
| pathogen or physical trauma |
|
|
Term
| 5 Cardinal signs of inflammation |
|
Definition
-Redness
-Warmth
-Pain
-Swelling
-Altered function |
|
|
Term
| some things that happen during inflammation |
|
Definition
-Tissue injury releases kalikrein and other mediators.
+Increases capillary dilation and blood flow.
-Fibrin clots restrict pathogen movement.
-Phagocytes accumulate in inflamed area and destroy pathogens. |
|
|
Term
| in inflammation, tissue injury releases... |
|
Definition
| kalikrein and other mediators |
|
|
Term
| in inflammation, the release of kalikrein and other mediators causes... |
|
Definition
| increased capillary dilation and blood flow |
|
|
Term
| in inflammation, ______ restrict pathogen movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in ______, fibrin clots restrict pathogen movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in inflammation, fibrin clots restrict... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in ______, phagocytes accumulate in inflamed area and destroy pathogens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in inflammation, ______ accumulate in inflamed area and destroy pathogens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in inflammation, phagocytes accumulate in ______ and destroy pathogens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in inflammation, phagocytes accumulate in inflamed area and... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-elevated body temperature
-natural reaction to infection |
|
|
Term
| The ______ acts as the body’s thermostat. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substances that induce fever; they raise the hypothalamus set-point |
|
|
Term
| the hypothalamus's normal set-point |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why pyrogens induce fever |
|
Definition
-to impair microbial growth
-to activate immune cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some types of INNATE IMMUNE PHAGOCYTES |
|
Definition
-Dendritic Cells
-Macrophages
-Neutrophils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| myeloid-derived dendritic cell |
|
|
Term
| Phagocytes must avoid attacking... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what prevents phagocytes from attacking host cells? |
|
Definition
| Host cell glycoprotein CD47 |
|
|
Term
| ______ is enhanced by opsonization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phagocytosis is enhanced by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coating pathogens with antibodies that aid pathogen phagocytosis by innate immune cells |
|
|
Term
| some methods phagocytes use for killing pathogens |
|
Definition
-Oxygen-independent killing pathways
-Oxygen-dependent killing pathways
-Reactive nitrogen intermediates |
|
|
Term
| some Oxygen-independent killing pathways phagocytes use to kill pathogens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some Oxygen-dependent killing pathways phagocytes use to kill pathogens |
|
Definition
-Superoxide anion
-Hydrogen Peroxide
-Hydroxyl radicals |
|
|
Term
| some Reactive nitrogen intermediates phagocytes use to kill pathogens |
|
Definition
-Nitric oxide
-Nitrite
-Nitrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Destroy infected and cancerous host cells |
|
|
Term
| Healthy cells make ______ to protect them from natural killer cells. |
|
Definition
| surface MHC class I antigens |
|
|
Term
| host cells that stop making surface MHC class I antigens |
|
Definition
| Cancerous and infected cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pores in membrane by puncturing the membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cytotoxic protein, secreted by T cells, that forms pores in target cell membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| develops as the need arises |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of adaptive immunity |
|
Definition
-Humoral immunity
-Cell-mediated immunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| B cells produce antibodies that directly target antigens of invaders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antigen presenting cells activate T cells which can directly kill infected host cells |
|
|
Term
| The adaptive immune system (does or does not) recognize the whole microbe. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the adaptive immune system recognize? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small segment of an antigen that is capable of eliciting an immune response
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Generally, antibodies that recognize one epitope (will or will not) recognize others. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when antibodies that recognize one epitope recognize others |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cross-reactivity occurs when... |
|
Definition
| an antibody binds to a target other than its normal antigen because the target has features similar to the antigen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of heart, joints, & skin that occurs 2-4 weeks after strep throat |
|
|
Term
| why Inflammation of heart, joints, & skin can occur 2-4 weeks after strep throat |
|
Definition
| because Streptococcus pyogenes proteins can have similar conformations to that of the human heart; heart proteins look similar to those of Streptococcus pyogenes |
|
|
Term
| Rheumatic Fever results from... |
|
Definition
| human antibodies attacking the heart tissue by mistake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A type of adaptive immunity mediated by antibodies
-it handles microbes that are extracellular (attacks microbe itself) |
|
|
Term
| how humoral immunity works |
|
Definition
-Microbial antigens bind to B cell receptors and are internalized/broken down into peptides.
-Peptides activate helper T cells.
-Cytokine release causes B cell proliferation.
-B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells and memory cells
[image] |
|
|
Term
| in ______, microbial antigens bind to B cell receptors and are internalized/broken down into peptides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in humoral immunity, ______ bind to B cell receptors and are internalized/broken down into peptides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in humoral immunity, microbial antigens bind to ______ and are internalized/broken down into peptides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in humoral immunity, microbial antigens bind to B cell receptors and are ______ |
|
Definition
| internalized/broken down into peptides |
|
|
Term
| in ______, peptides activate helper T cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in humoral immunity, ______ activate helper T cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in humoral immunity, peptides activate... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in ______, cytokine release causes B cell proliferation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in humoral immunity, ______ causes B cell proliferation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in humoral immunity, cytokine release causes... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes T cell to release cell signals (cytokines) to B cell? |
|
Definition
B cell displaying antigen from microbe on its surface to Helper T cell
-This binding causes T cell to release cell signals (cytokines) to B cell. |
|
|
Term
| in ______, B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells and memory cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in humoral immunity, ______ proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells and memory cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in humoral immunity, B cells ______ into plasma cells and memory cells |
|
Definition
| proliferate and differentiate |
|
|
Term
| in humoral immunity, B cells proliferate and differentiate into... |
|
Definition
| plasma cells and memory cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| short-lived B cells that produce a single type of antibody |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce a specific antibody and remains in circulation for weeks or years |
|
|
Term
| 3 ways antibodies protect the host |
|
Definition
-Neutralization
-Opsonization
-Complement Activation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antibodies coat the microbe and prevent the microbe from infecting new cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antibodies increase the likelihood that microbe will be engulfed and destroyed by phagocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antibodies cause complement pathway to destroy microbe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how cell-mediated immunity works |
|
Definition
-An antigen presenting cell (APC) ingests foreign material and incorporates a piece of antigen on its surface.
-APC’s will “present” the antigen to any T helper cells it happens to come across.
-A T helper cell with a correct receptor will bind and become activated.
-Others may simply not bind.
-The activated T helper cell rapidly divides to produce clones of itself.
-These can then activate Cytotoxic T cells. Which destroy abnormal cells. [image] |
|
|
Term
| A(n) ______ ingests foreign material and incorporates a piece of antigen on its surface. |
|
Definition
| antigen presenting cell (APC) |
|
|
Term
| An antigen presenting cell (APC) ______ and incorporates a piece of antigen on its surface. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An antigen presenting cell (APC) ingests foreign material and... |
|
Definition
| incorporates a piece of antigen on its surface |
|
|
Term
| ______ will “present” the antigen to any T helper cells it happens to come across. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| APC’s will ______ to any T helper cells it happens to come across. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| APC’s will “present” the antigen to... |
|
Definition
| any T helper cells it happens to come across |
|
|
Term
| ______ with a correct receptor will bind and become activated. Others may simply not bind. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A T helper cell with ______ will bind and become activated. Others may simply not bind. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A T helper cell with a correct receptor will ______. Others may simply not bind. |
|
Definition
| bind and become activated |
|
|
Term
| A T helper cell with a correct receptor will bind and become activated. Others may... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what activates a helper T cell? |
|
Definition
helper T cell binding to macrophage with correct receptor
[image] |
|
|
Term
| ______ rapidly divides to produce clones of itself. |
|
Definition
| The activated T helper cell |
|
|
Term
| The activated T helper cell ______ to produce clones of itself. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The activated T helper cell rapidly divides to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______ can activate other T cells (Cytotoxic T cells), which destroy abnormal cells. |
|
Definition
| clones of the activated T helper cell |
|
|
Term
| The clones of the activated T helper cell can ______, which destroy abnormal cells. |
|
Definition
| activate other T cells (Cytotoxic T cells) |
|
|
Term
| The clones of the activated T helper cell can activate other T cells (Cytotoxic T cells), which... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T cells that search and find cells that have the same antigens (infected with the same microbe) and destroy those infected cells |
|
|
Term
| CYTOTOXIC T CELLS release... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what the release of perforin & granzymes from cytotoxic T cells does to target cells |
|
Definition
-Forms pores in target cell.
-Triggers apoptosis (programmed cell death).
-Can also detect cancer antigens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY & HUMORAL IMMUNITY work together or separate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY & HUMORAL IMMUNITY work together |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| macrophage displaying antigens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activates other T cells and B cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell-mediated immunity (attack on infected cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| humoral immunity (secretion of antibodies by plasma cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bacterial and viral proteins that stimulate stronger immune response than normal antigens by “tricking” T cells into activation. |
|
|
Term
| how superantigens stimulate stronger immune response than normal antigens |
|
Definition
| by “tricking” T cells into activation |
|
|
Term
| normal activation requires... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how superantigens are different from normal antigens |
|
Definition
Superantigens are not specific, but will evoke a global T cell response.
[image] |
|
|
Term
| Normal antigens evoke (specific or non-specific) response. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many T cells get activated by a normal antigen? |
|
Definition
| no more than 0.001% of them |
|
|
Term
| Superantigens evoke (specific or non-specific) response. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many T cells get activated by a superantigen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| superantigens activate ~25% of T cells, causing... |
|
Definition
| a massive cytokine release |
|
|
Term
| Can you explain why superantigen non-specific binding can be a health threat? |
|
Definition
-overproduction of T cells
-severe global immune reaction
-organ failure
-massive and sudden immune response |
|
|
Term
| TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME (TSS) caused by... |
|
Definition
| Staphylococcus aureus strains that release toxic shock syndrome toxin (superantigen) |
|
|
Term
| example of a condition caused by superantigens |
|
Definition
| TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME (TSS) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME (TSS) toxin |
|
|
Term
| Historically, TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME (TSS) frequently occurred in... |
|
Definition
| females who used superabsorbent tampons |
|
|
Term
| why TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME (TSS) has frequently occurred in females |
|
Definition
| -used superabsorbent tampons.
-Tampons would dry/tear vaginal lining.
-Warm, moist environment is a breeding ground for Staphylococcus. |
|
|
Term
| some symptoms of TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME (TSS) |
|
Definition
-Low BP
-Fever
-Diarrhea
-Skin rash/Skin shedding |
|
|
Term
| TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME (TSS) mortality rate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When you are first exposed to an antigen it takes ______ for the B cells to expand to plasma cells and make antibody. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When you are first exposed to an antigen it takes several days for ______ to expand to plasma cells and make antibody. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When you are first exposed to an antigen it takes several days for the B cells to ______ and make antibody. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When you are first exposed to an antigen it takes several days for the B cells to expand to plasma cells and make... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In ______, memory B cells “hang around” after the initial infection has cleared. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In immunological memory, ______ “hang around” after the initial infection has cleared. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In immunological memory, memory B cells “hang around” after... |
|
Definition
| the initial infection has cleared |
|
|
Term
| In immonological memory, what hapens when the same antigen returns? |
|
Definition
| the memory B cells respond quickly (and to a greater extent) upon subsequent exposure to the same antigen |
|
|
Term
| why some diseases can infect the same individual again |
|
Definition
because they can mutate so quickly, that their surface antigens change
example: influenza |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secondary immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Natural infection or vaccination.
-Immunity after lag period and memory cells generated.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Maternal antibodies or antibody therapy.
-Immunity is immediate but no memory cells generated.
[image] |
|
|
Term
active or passive immunity?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
active or passive immunity?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organism’s ability to cause disease |
|
|
Term
| how pathogenicity is defined |
|
Definition
| in terms of how easily an organism causes disease (infectivity) and how severe that disease is (virulence) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how easily an organism causes disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how severe the disease is |
|
|
Term
| how INFECTIVITY is measured |
|
Definition
| by the infectious dose (ID50) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The number of microbes that will cause infection (disease) in half of test animals
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inversely related
higher infectivity means lower ID50 |
|
|
Term
| how virulence is measured |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The number of microbes that kill half of test animals
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inversely related
higher virulence means lower LD50 |
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Term
| example of AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the airborne transmissions that are the most likely to propel droplets |
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Definition
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Term
| Cough releases ______ droplets |
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Definition
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Term
| Talking (5 minutes) releases ______ droplets |
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Definition
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Term
| Singing (1 minute) releases ______ droplets |
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Definition
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Term
| Sneeze releases ______ droplets |
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Definition
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Term
| types of contact transmission |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| direct contact transmission |
|
Definition
Physical interaction between source and new host
example: kissing |
|
|
Term
| indirect contact transmission |
|
Definition
Involves an intermediate (usually inanimate object)
example: eating utensils |
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Term
| MICROBIAL ATTACHMENT: FIRST CONTACT requires... |
|
Definition
host receptor and microbial adhesin
[image] |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| some types of microbial adhesins |
|
Definition
-bacterial fimbriae
-bacterial capsule
-bacterial S layer
-fungal filaments
-amoeba pseudopods
-viral spikes |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Utilizes lytic substances to attack the host |
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Term
|
Definition
| “attack” normal host tissue |
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|
Term
| example of active invasion |
|
Definition
| Some microbial substances can degrade cell-cell contacts. |
|
|
Term
| some examples of active invasion |
|
Definition
| Some species of Clostridium produce collagenase to break down host collagen, allowing spread through connective tissue.
Some species of Streptococcus produce streptokinase to digest clots, allowing movement away from clotted area. |
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|
Term
| Some species of ______ produce collagenase to break down host collagen, allowing spread through connective tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some species of Clostridium produce ______ to break down host collagen, allowing spread through connective tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some species of Clostridium produce collagenase to break down host collagen, allowing spread through... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some species of ______ produce streptokinase to digest clots, allowing movement away from clotted area. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some species of Streptococcus produce ______ to digest clots, allowing movement away from clotted area. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some species of Streptococcus produce streptokinase to digest clots, allowing movement away from... |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| breaks down host collagen to allow spread through connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| digests clots to allow movement away from clotted area |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of DUPUYTREN’S CONTRACTURE |
|
Definition
-Knots of connective tissue form on hands.
-“Puckering” of skin
-Loss of motion |
|
|
Term
| cause of DUPUYTREN’S CONTRACTURE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| something used to treat DUPUYTREN’S CONTRACTURE |
|
Definition
| Clostridium collagenase (Xiaflex) used as a therapy |
|
|
Term
| how Clostridium collagenase (Xiaflex) treats DUPUYTREN’S CONTRACTURE |
|
Definition
| The drug Xiaflex that uses purified low dose Clostridium collagenase that when administered to site of contracture can break up the knots of connective tissue. This can resolve finger immobility. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-“Chance”
-Chance scenarios allow spread to deeper tissues.
+Ex. Insect bites or wounds |
|
|
Term
| examples of passive invasion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| organism that does passive invasion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how Clostridium tetani does passive invasion |
|
Definition
| Clostridium tetani toxin blocks inhibitory neural impulses from spinal cord to muscles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clostridium tetani deep puncture wound |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clostridium tetani endospores |
|
|
Term
| example of Clostridium tetani infecting a host |
|
Definition
| getting inoculated (passively) into a deep puncture wound (such as rusty nail into the skin) so that the endospores are introduced into an environment in which they can germinate (anaerobic) |
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|
Term
| when microbes have access to all organs and systems |
|
Definition
| when they're in the circulatory system |
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Term
|
Definition
| Microbes in the blood actively replicating and causing immune reaction
*Could be actively replicating elsewhere but entering bloodstream |
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Term
|
Definition
| presence of viable bacteria in bloodstream |
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Term
|
Definition
| presence of viable viruses in bloodstream |
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|
Term
| types of blood-borne infections |
|
Definition
-Bacteremia
-viremia
-Septicemia |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Life threatening systemic response to septicemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Fever
-Elevated heart rate
-Hypotension (low blood pressure)
-High white blood cell count
-Multiple organ failure |
|
|
Term
| true or false: cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells can both destroy cancerous cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| true or false: complement can puncture cell membranes causing cell lysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name a fact about S. aureus associated Toxic Shock Syndrome |
|
Definition
| the TSS toxin activates about 25% of all T cells in the patient |
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