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| The contamination of soil, water, or air by noxious substances. Pollution is one of the principal constraints of the environment. |
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| A geometric rate of progression that has the potential of producing a very fast rise (or an "explosion") in the numbers of a population experiencing such growth. |
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| Detailed Division of Labor |
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| The breakdown of product manufacturing into simple discrete steps, with each task assigned to an individual worker. |
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| The paradox of supremely rational organizations—that is, bureaucracies—acting in ways that are very irrational in terms of the well-being of the total society. |
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| A typically small group of individuals standing in an enduring personal relationship to one another. Examples include parents, spouses, or close friends. |
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| The monitoring of people’s activities in order to ensure compliant behaviour. |
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| Information that is systematically spread by an organization to further its agenda. |
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| The ability to achieve aims or further the interests that one holds even when opposed by others. |
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| Men and women who occupy the highest positions of the dominant institutions of a society and who consequently hold enormous power. |
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| A class of individuals in mature industrial societies situated at the bottom of the class system who have been systematically excluded from participation in economic life. |
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| The application of logic, reason, and knowledge to the problems of exploiting raw materials from the environment. |
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| A qualitative mode of inquiry that consists of the study and systematic description of cultural systems, social groups or organizations based on direct observation. |
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| Hunting-and-gathering-society |
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| A society whose subsistence is based primarily on hunting animals and gathering edible plants. |
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| A society whose mode of production is based on agriculture (crop growing) primarily through the use of human and animal energy. |
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| A mode of production characterized by the large-scale manufacturing of goods (including agriculture). |
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| An employment system in which there is democratic participation in the workplace. |
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| A societal condition in which virtually all social institutions (government, family, education) have adapted to the demands of the industrial economy. |
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| A US Supreme Court decision in which five conservative justices ruled that corporations have the same First Amendment free speech protections as a real person. |
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| The study of large-scale organizations, sociocultural systems, or the world- system of societies. |
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| The exchange of goods and services through the market economy. These good and services were previously exchanged through primary group ties. |
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| The technology and practices employed for expanding, limiting, and maintaining population size. |
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| The physical, biological, and chemical constraints to which action is subject. |
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