Term
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Definition
| Assigning numbers to qualities of objects to designate the quantity of the attribute |
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Term
| what are the three advantages to measurement? |
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Definition
| It removes guesswork, provides precise information, and it's less vague than words |
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Term
| what is the lowest level of measurement? |
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Definition
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Term
| define nominal measurement? |
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Definition
| Using numbers to simply categorize attributes |
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Term
| give examples of nominal measurement? |
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Definition
| Gender, blood type, males is one and females as 2, there is no sense in how the numbers are used to describe the sample |
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Term
| defined ordinal measurement? |
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Definition
| Ranks objects based on their relative standing on an attribute |
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Term
| give examples of ordinal measurement? |
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Definition
| A rating scale has completely independent to completely independent on activities of daily living bird from 1 to 4, all it tells you is if one level is greater or lesser than another, it does not tell you if something is twice as good as something else |
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Term
| define interval measurement? |
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Definition
| Equal differences between numbers are represent equal differences in the variable being measured, you cannot have an absolute zero |
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Term
| given example of interval measurement? |
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Definition
| IQ tests, years, temperature |
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Term
| define ratio measurement? |
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Definition
| It has a rational meaningful zero and can provide information about the absolute magnitude of an attribute |
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Term
| give examples of ratio measurement? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the highest level of measurement? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the formula for obtained score? |
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Definition
| Obtained score= true score +/- error |
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Term
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Definition
| Any actual data value for a participant, i.e. anxiety scale score |
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Term
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Definition
| Score that would be obtained with an infalliable measure |
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Term
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Definition
| Error of measurement, caused by factors that distort measurement |
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Term
| true or false, the true scores obtained from the actual research study? |
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Definition
| False the obtained score is data obtained from actual research |
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Term
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Definition
| The consistency with which an instrument measures the attribute |
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Term
| define the reliability coefficient? |
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Definition
| Represented as the letter r, from .00 to 1.00, .70 is satisfactory but .80 is preferable, .95 means it is accurate 95% of the time |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree to which an instrument measures were supposed to measure |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to whether instrument looks as though it is measuring the appropriate construct, based on judgment, no objective criteria |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree to which instrument has an appropriate sample of items to be measured |
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Term
| what is the content validity index (CVI)? |
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Definition
| Indicates the extent of expert agreement, .90 is the standard suggested by the book |
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Term
| how do you obtain content validity? |
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Definition
| Rich first-hand knowledge, literature review, or findings from a qualitative inquiry |
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Term
| define criterion related validity? |
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Definition
| Degree to which instrument correlates with an external criterion |
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Term
| what is the validity coefficient? |
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Definition
| How valid is the tool being used, found by using a mathematical formula, expressed by (r) ranging between .00 and 1.00, .7 higher is desirable |
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Term
| define predictive validity and give an example? |
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Definition
| And instruments ability to distinguish people whose performance differs on a future criterion, using high school test scores and grades to be accepted into college |
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Term
| define concurrent validity and give an example? |
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Definition
| Distinguishing individuals who differ on a present criterion, using a psychological test in a psych ward to determine who is able to be discharged based on their current behavioral ratings by nurses |
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Term
| what question is construct validity concerned with? |
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Definition
| What is his instrument really measuring and does it adequately measure the construct of interest |
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Term
| define known groups technique and give an example? |
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Definition
| Groups are expected to differ on the subject and their scores are compared, anxiety in primiparars and multiparous women |
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Term
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Definition
| Identifying clusters based on items on a scale |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to identify a case correctly, to diagnose a condition correctly |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to identify non-cases, i.e. to screen out those without the condition |
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Term
| what is the relationship between sensitivity and specificity? |
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Definition
| There inversely related the more sensitive the less specific, the more specific the less sensitive |
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Term
| define a likelihood ratio? |
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Definition
| It summarizes the relationship between sensitivity and specificity in a single number |
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Term
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Definition
| Ratio of true positives to false positives |
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Term
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Definition
| Ratio false negatives to true negatives |
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Term
| define what it means to be internally consistent? |
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Definition
| an instrument must measure the same trait, to measure empathy in nurses you do not measure how well they are clinically competent |
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Term
| what is coefficient alpha (Cronbach alpha)? |
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Definition
| .00 and + 1.00, the higher the coefficient the more accurate the measure |
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Term
| define interrater reliability? |
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Definition
| Having two or more trained observers make simultaneous independent observations, more likely to be accurate |
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Term
| what is the purpose of descriptive statistics? |
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Definition
| Synthesize and describe data |
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Term
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Definition
| Description for a population (i.e. the average age of menses for American females) |
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Term
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Definition
| Descriptive index from a sample (i.e. the average age of menses for female students at the University of Houston) |
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Term
| define inferential statistics? |
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Definition
| Used to make inferences about a population |
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Term
| define a frequency distribution? |
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Definition
| Systematic arrangement of numeric values from the lowest to the highest, together with the percentage each value was obtained |
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Term
| what does the letter N describe? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does the letter n describe? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is another name for a normal distribution? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The number that occurs most frequently in a distribution |
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Term
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Definition
| The number at which is exactly half of the distribution |
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Term
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Definition
| The average of the distribution |
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Term
| what is the most stable and widely used indicator of central tendency? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the mode usually used to measure? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the immediate usually used to measure? |
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Definition
| The typical value when a distribution is skewed |
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Term
| what does it mean when the variability of distributions is homogeneous? |
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Definition
| there is little variability |
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Term
| what does it mean with the variability of distributions is heterogeneous? |
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Definition
| That there is great variability |
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Term
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Definition
| The highest value minus the lowest value |
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Term
| define standard deviation? |
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Definition
| The standard deviation summarizes the average amount of deviation values from the lead |
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Term
| what does the letter M and X symbolize? |
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Definition
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Term
| how is the median abbreviated? |
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Definition
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Term
| in a contingency table how are the variables measured? |
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Definition
| The variables must be nominal or ordinal |
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Term
| what is a contingency table (cross tab)? |
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Definition
| A two dimensional frequency distribution where the frequencies of the two variables are cross tabulated |
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Term
| what does it mean to have a positive relationship? |
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Definition
| The correlation coefficient is from .00 to 1.00, the taller you are the more you weigh |
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Term
| what is the correlational coefficient? |
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Definition
| Describes the intensity and direction of a relationship |
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Term
| what is in me to have a negative relationship? |
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Definition
| The correlation coefficient is between .00 and -1.00, people with high self-esteem have low depression |
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Term
| what does it mean when the correlation coefficient is zero? |
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Definition
| There is no relation, women with large feet do as well on IQ test as people with small feet |
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Term
| define a correlation matrix? |
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Definition
| A two-dimensional matrix were variables are displayed in both rows and columns |
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Term
| define inferential statistics? |
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Definition
| A means of drawing conclusions about a population given data from a sample |
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Term
| what laws are inferential statistics based on? |
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Definition
| Inferential statistics are based the laws of probability |
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Term
| the product moment correlation coefficient (pearson's R) is used with which part of noir? |
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Definition
| Interval and ratio measurement |
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Term
| define point estimation, give an example? |
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Definition
| Calculating a single statistic to estimate the population parameter, the mean birth weight infants born in the US |
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Term
| define interval estimation? |
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Definition
| Calculating a range of values within which the parameter as specified probability of line |
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Term
| what is a confidence interval based on? |
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Definition
| In interval estimation the confidence interval is based around the estimate |
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Term
| what are confidence limits? |
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Definition
| The upper and lower limits |
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Term
| how high is a confidence interval for research? |
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Definition
| Usually between 95 to 99% |
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Term
| what does a confidence interval of 95% mean? |
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Definition
| That you are correct 95% of the time, and that 5% of the time it is up to chance |
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Term
| define hypothesis testing? |
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Definition
| Deciding whether the research hypothesis should be accepted as true or rejected as false |
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Term
| what does the null hypothesis state? |
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Definition
| There is no relationship between the independent and dependent variables |
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Term
| what does it mean if something is statistically significant? |
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Definition
| The null hypothesis is improbable, this means the research hypothesis is probably true so it is significant |
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Term
| what is it mean to having nonsignificant result? |
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Definition
| Any difference could have probably made a change in the relationship, chance probably had a bigger part to play than your hypothesis |
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Term
| a false positive is what type of error? |
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Definition
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Term
| a false negative is what type of error? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The null hypothesis is rejected when it should not be rejected, you say your hypothesis is true when really it's false |
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Term
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Definition
| Failure to reject a null hypothesis when it should be rejected, you said your theory was wrong and you accepted the null when in fact you are right all along |
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Term
| how do you control the degree of risk for a type I error? |
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Definition
| You control the degree of risk using the level of significance, or otherwise called the alpha |
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Term
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Definition
| .05 and .01, out of 100 samples, the null would be wrongly rejected five times, 95 times the null is correct |
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Term
| what does an alpha of .01 mean? |
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Definition
| That out of 100 times only one sample would wrongly reject the null hypothesis |
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Term
| what does the awful relate to? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does an alpha of .05 mean in terms of confidence interval? |
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Definition
| The confidence interval is 95% |
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Term
| what does an alpha of .01 mean in terms of confidence interval? |
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Definition
| The confidence interval is 99% |
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Term
| how is a probability of a type II error measured? |
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Definition
| Is measured to power analysis, or the beta |
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Term
| regarding NOIR, when do you use a non-parametric test? |
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Definition
| nominal and interval scale |
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Term
| regarding NOIR, when do you use parametric tests? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does a t-test measure? |
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Definition
| Two groups and a dependent variable |
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Term
| give example of a t-test for independent groups (between subjects)? |
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Definition
| Coronary artery bypass patients on pumps versus not being on pumps and length of stay, experimental versus control or men versus women |
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Term
| give an example of a t-test for independent group (within subjects)? |
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Definition
| Doing a pretest with a class, and then doing a posttest with a class and looking at the results |
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Term
| regarding NOIR, what level of measurement do you use with a t-test? |
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Definition
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Term
| what do you use analysis of variance for? |
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Definition
| To test the mean group differences of three or more groups |
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Term
| what is the Chi squared test? |
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Definition
| To test differences in proportions in categories within a contingency table |
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Term
| what type of test is the chi-squared test,parametric or nonparametric? |
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Definition
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Term
| if you use pearson r, what type of test is it, parametric or noparametric? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does the letter d stand for? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does d < or = to .20 mean? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what does d > or = .80 mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does a parametric test look at? |
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Definition
| Population parameters with certain assumptions about the variables measured on at least interval scale |
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Term
| what does a non-parametric test look at? |
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Definition
| Does not estimate parameters and is measured on a nominative or ordinal scale, or when the data is very skewed or two small |
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Term
| what does a multivariate statistic look at? |
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Definition
| Analysis with at least three but usually more variables at the same time |
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Term
| what is the purpose of the analysis of variance (ANOVA)? |
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Definition
| Test the differences between three or more means |
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Term
| what is the purpose of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)? |
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Definition
| Removes the effect of extraneous variables before testing to see if it is statistically significant, extension of ANOVA |
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Term
| define simple linear regression? |
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Definition
| Makes predictions about the values of one variable based on the values of the second variable |
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Term
| define multiple linear regression? |
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Definition
| Use predicted dependent variable based on two or more independent variables |
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Term
| based on NOIR, what kind of measurement data do you need for multiple linear regression? |
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Definition
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