Term
|
Definition
-1892
-Studied Tobacco Mosaic Disease |
|
|
Term
| Studied Tobacco Mosaic Disease |
|
Definition
1892- Dmitri Ivanovsky
1898- Beijerinck |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-1898
-Studied Tobacco Mosaic Disease
-Made the conceptual leap |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of Tobacco Mosaic Disease |
|
Definition
| -Mottling of the leaves, stunted leaves, wrinkles.
-Observed agent was not removed by filters. |
|
|
Term
| The difference between the work of Beijerinck and that of Ivanovsky |
|
Definition
| Beijerinck postulated that the agent of tobacco mosaic virus must be very small in size. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-1898
-Former students of Koch
-Studied Foot and Mouth Disease of Livestock. |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of Foot and Mouth Disease of Livestock |
|
Definition
| -High fever, blisters, weight loss.
-Agent not removed by filter. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Studied Foot and Mouth Disease of Livestock. |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
-1911
-Studied sarcomas (tumors) in chickens. |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of sarcomas (tumors) in chickens |
|
Definition
-Cell free “filtrate” from diseased chickens could transmit tumors to healthy chickens.
-Cancer transmitted by a virus. |
|
|
Term
| Studied sarcomas (tumors) in chickens. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the original meaning of the term virus |
|
Definition
the term “virus” was used to mean “poison”
-No one could prove what was causing these illness that were not associated with bacteria. |
|
|
Term
| when viruses were first viewed |
|
Definition
| Viruses were finally viewed with the development of the electron microscope in the 1950s. |
|
|
Term
| What was thought to be the causative agent in diseases that are now known to be caused by viruses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are there any naturally beneficial viruses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| things most viruses cause for their host |
|
Definition
-harm
-nuisance
-some form of problems |
|
|
Term
| viruses that may be beneficial |
|
Definition
| Viruses that kill pathogens or gene therapy |
|
|
Term
| Viruses are grouped by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some shared properties viruses are grouped by |
|
Definition
-Nature of their nucleic acid (DNA or RNA).
-Symmetry of their protein shell.
-Presence or absence of a lipid membrane.
-Nucleic acid comparisons. |
|
|
Term
| GENERAL PROPERTIES OF VIRUSES |
|
Definition
| -≥1 molecule of DNA or RNA enclosed in coat of protein.
-May have additional layers.
-Cannot reproduce independent of living cells nor carry out cell division.
-Can exist extracellularly. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Virion size range is ~10–400 nm in diameter.
-All virions contain a nucleocapsid which is composed of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and a protein coat (capsid).
-Some have envelopes- plasma membrane components derived from their host.
-Some have spikes-proteins used for attachment to host.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-≥1 molecule of DNA or RNA enclosed in coat of protein.
-May have additional layers. |
|
|
Term
| can viruses reproduce outside of living cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can viruses carry out cell division? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can viruses exist extracellularly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a nucleocapsid which is composed of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and a protein coat (capsid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A protein that coats a viral genome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The protein shell that surrounds a virion’s nucleic acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| virion w/o lipid envelope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| capsid (composed of capsomers) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| plasma membrane components derived from the host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
proteins used for attachment to host
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protect viral genetic material and aids in its transfer between host cells. |
|
|
Term
| Capsids are made of protein subunits called ______, which aggregate to form capsomers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Capsids are made of protein subunits called protomers, which aggregate to form ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| possible shapes of capsids |
|
Definition
-helical
-icosahedral
-complex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Shaped like hollow tubes with protein walls.
-May be bent or twisted. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
helical virus
Tobacco Mosaic Virus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bent/twisted helical capsid
influenza |
|
|
Term
| some viruses that use helical capsids |
|
Definition
-tobacco mosaic virus
-influenza |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Polyhedral with 20 identical triangular faces
-Structure exhibits rotational symmetry. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
isocahedral capsid
herpes virus without envelope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
isocahedral capsid
adenovirus |
|
|
Term
| some viruses that use isocahedral capsids |
|
Definition
-herpes simplex 1 (HSV-1)
-adenovirus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neither helical nor isocahedral |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
complex capsid
"tailed virus"
bacteriophage T4 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how bacteriophage T4 infects cell |
|
Definition
1: attachment to cell surface, facilitated by fibers
2: sheath contracts
3: core penetrates cell surface
4: phage genome is injected |
|
|
Term
| some DNA genomes that can exist in viruses |
|
Definition
-dsDNA
-ssDNA (+ / “sense”) |
|
|
Term
| some RNA genomes that can exist in viruses |
|
Definition
-ssRNA (+ / “sense”)
-ssRNA (- / “antisense”)
-dsRNA |
|
|
Term
| does the same virus always have the same genome? |
|
Definition
no
Some viruses use different genome types during different stages of their life cycle. |
|
|
Term
| the steps of VIRUS REPLICATION |
|
Definition
1. Host recognition and attachment
2. Genome entry
3. Assembly of virions
4. Exit and transmission |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| viruses that only attack bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Contact and attachment of bacteriophages are mediated by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins that are specific to the host species |
|
|
Term
| what cell-surface receptors are normally used for |
|
Definition
| important functions for the host cell |
|
|
Term
| types of host molecules that can serve as a phage receptors |
|
Definition
-LPS components
-membrane proteins and complexes (OmpF and TolC)
-flagellar proteins
[image] |
|
|
Term
| what most bacteriophages inject into host cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the capsid after the bacteriophage injects its genome into a host cell? |
|
Definition
The phage capsid remains outside, attached to the cell surface.
“Ghost.” |
|
|
Term
| how phage T4 infects bacterial cell |
|
Definition
Phage T4 attaches to the cell surface by its tail fibers and then contracts to inject its DNA
[image] |
|
|
Term
| cycles of phage reproduction |
|
Definition
-Lytic cycle
-Lysogenic cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bacteriophage quickly replicates, killing host cell.
this is active replication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Bacteriophage is quiescent.
-Integrates into cell chromosome, as a prophage.
-Can reactivate to become lytic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A phage genome integrated into a host genome |
|
|
Term
| The “decision” between the lytic and lysogenic cycles is dictated by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ trigger a lytic burst. |
|
Definition
| Events that threaten host cell survival |
|
|
Term
| Events that threaten host cell survival trigger a ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1: Attachment to a bacterial host
2: Phage injects DNA
3: Phage destroys bacterial DNA and takes over active machinery to replicate more phage
4: Phage assembles more virus
5: Phage causes bacterial lysis to release the phage
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| entry of phage DNA and degradation of host DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synthesis of viral genomes and proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the bacteriophage lysogenic cycle is a type of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what the virus does during the lysogenic cycle |
|
Definition
| During this cycle, the virus does not actively replicate but rather remains dormant within the bacterial cell with the capacity to reactivate and become active at a later time. |
|
|
Term
| how the lysogenic cycle progresses |
|
Definition
[image]
Left panel: Certain factors (largely unknown) cause a virus to become lysogenic (dormant). If this cycle is entered the viral DNA integrates into the bacterial chromosome.
Bottom panel: While dormant, the viral DNA, because it is integrated into the bacterial chromosome will get replicated and passed on to bacterial daughter cells during binary fission.
Right panel: As bacteria divide during binary fission the viral DNA is passed along with the bacterial DNA. This can lead to a population of bacteria carrying viral DNA.
Top panel: Occasionally in a daughter cell that is carrying the viral DNA; the virus will enter lytic phase and actively replicate to produce more virions. (lytic cycle previous slide) |
|
|
Term
| What would be the advantage of bacteriophage lysogeny (for the virus)? |
|
Definition
virus gets passed to daughter cells, since it's inside the genome
this can lead to a population of bacteria with prophage DNA inside its genome |
|
|
Term
| what BACTERIOPHAGE T4 DNA has in place of cytosine (C) |
|
Definition
| HMC (Hydroxymethylcytosine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why BACTERIOPHAGE T4 DNA uses HMC (Hydroxymethylcytosine) instead of cytosine (C) |
|
Definition
because it protects DNA from destruction by bacterial defense mechanisms:
Restriction endonucleases |
|
|
Term
| how BACTERIOPHAGE T4 protects its DNA from destruction by bacterial restriction endonucleases |
|
Definition
| uses HMC (Hydroxymethylcytosine) instead of cytosine (C) |
|
|
Term
| why animal viruses have greater complexity and diversity of viral replication cycles |
|
Definition
| because eukaryotic cells have a more complex structure than prokaryotic cells |
|
|
Term
| how animal viruses attach to host cells |
|
Definition
-Animal viruses bind specific receptor proteins on their host cell.
-Receptors determine the viral tropism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The ability of a virus to infect a particular tissue type
affinity or preference |
|
|
Term
| can an animal virus have more than 1 tropism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-cellular tropism
-tissue tropism
-host tropism
[image] |
|
|
Term
| how animal viruses enter the cell |
|
Definition
-Endocytosis
-Membrane Fusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Virus passes through membrane.
-Membrane lipids surround capsid to fuse envelope.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how DNA viruses in animals replicate their genome |
|
Definition
| Can utilize some or all of the host replication machinery |
|
|
Term
| how RNA viruses in animals replicate their genome |
|
Definition
| Use a viral RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase to generate RNA template |
|
|
Term
| how Retroviruses in animals replicate their genome |
|
Definition
| Use a viral reverse transcriptase to copy their genomic sequence into DNA for insertion in the host chromosome |
|
|
Term
| All animal viruses make proteins with... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where the synthesis of viral proteins and the assembly of new virions can occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 ways viruses can be released from a bacterial cell |
|
Definition
Lysis of cell
Exocytosis
Budding |
|
|
Term
| how the virus leaves the cell by budding |
|
Definition
-Virus passes through membrane.
-Membrane lipids surround capsid to form envelope. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long HERPESVIRUS infections last |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HERPESVIRUSES are distinguished from each other by... |
|
Definition
| the type of cells they exhibit latency in |
|
|
Term
| do herpesviruses produce virions during latency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where herpesvirus DNA is during latency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| herpesviruses are capable of reactivation to virion production if... |
|
Definition
| given the appropriate stimuli |
|
|
Term
| what stimuli cause herpesvirus reactivation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the virus remains dormant with the capacity to reactivate and make more virus at a later time |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of HERPESVIRUSES |
|
Definition
-Icosahedral
-Enveloped
-Spiked
-have a tegument (layer of proteins)
-dsDNA
-productive infections
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| herpesviruses enveloped or not? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| herpesviruses spiked or unspiked? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nucleic acid in herpesviruses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Herpesvirus tegument proteins |
|
Definition
| a series of special proteins that assist in virus replication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The contents of a virion between the capsid and the envelope |
|
|
Term
| herpesvirus infections produce how many virions? |
|
Definition
| 50,000–200,000 virions produced/cell |
|
|
Term
| Host cell infected by herpesvirus may die due to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| symptoms of HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS (HSV) TYPE 1 AND 2 |
|
Definition
Cold and genital sores
[image]
this is a cold sore |
|
|
Term
| Hallmark characteristic of HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS (HSV) TYPE 1 AND 2 |
|
Definition
| Establish latency in neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how attachment occurs in HSV TYPE 1 AND 2 |
|
Definition
-Virions “surf” host cell surfaces
-Initially attach to host Heparan Sulfate
-Full attachment requires several other tissue specific receptors, such as Nectin on Epithelial Cells and Neurons
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how entry occurs in HSV TYPE 1 AND 2 |
|
Definition
| Virions enter the host through fusion or endocytosis |
|
|
Term
| how genome replication occurs in HSV TYPE 1 AND 2 |
|
Definition
| Nucleocapsid finds its way to the nucleus to replicate its DNA |
|
|
Term
| how Protein Synthesis & Assembly occur in HSV TYPE 1 AND 2 |
|
Definition
-Proteins are synthesized with host ribosomes then shuttled back to nucleus to assemble nucleocapsid
-Nucleocapsid leaves the nucleus
-Travels to Golgi on its way out of the cell |
|
|
Term
| how Release/Exit occurs in HSV TYPE 1 AND 2 |
|
Definition
-Mature virions get released from host via exocytosis
-Upregulate host Heparanase for their release |
|
|
Term
| HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE 1 AND 2 have have a strong tendency to stick to... |
|
Definition
| heparan sulfate on the surface of the host cells |
|
|
Term
| is a productive infection lytic or lysogenic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some signs/symptoms that can result from HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE 1 AND 2 |
|
Definition
-Flu-like symptoms (initial infection)
-Red, fluid fill lesion(s)
-Tingling, pain at site of lesions |
|
|
Term
| when the HSV host shows no signs/symptoms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how latency in HSV types 1 and 2 occurs |
|
Definition
-Virus enters sensory neurons near site of productive infection.
-Remains in neurons for lifetime of host!
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lytic replication in epithelial cells at a mucosal surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| viral capsid moves down axon via retrograde transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infection of sensory neuron in ganglia; site of latency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the HSV host shows signs/symptoms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how reactivation in HSV 1 and 2 occurs |
|
Definition
-Virus leaves sensory neurons
-Copy of viral DNA remains in nucleus
-Virus returns to site of initial infection (mucosal epithelium) and undergoes productive infection
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| appropriate stimulus reactivates virus from latent state in neuron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reactivation from latency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| viral capsid moves back down axon via anterograde transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| recurrent infection at site of initial infection |
|
|
Term
| does reactivation kill the neuron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| symptoms of HERPES SIMPLEX TYPE 2-GENITAL HERPES |
|
Definition
-Burning sensation, genital soreness, and blisters in infected area.
-May lead to inflammation of bladder/rectum. |
|
|
Term
| HIV can become latent in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reactivation/replication of HIV in T cells leads to... |
|
Definition
| T cell death (immune suppression) |
|
|
Term
| how HIV wrecks the immune system |
|
Definition
| Reactivation/replication of HIV in T cells leads to T cell death (immune suppression) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Flu-like symptoms
-Swollen lymph nodes
-Sores that won’t heal
-Fatigue
-Rash
-Night Sweats |
|
|
Term
| sime complications that result from HIV |
|
Definition
| it can persist and lead to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) |
|
|
Term
| Some HIV patients rapidly develop Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) within... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some HIV patients remain healthy for at least ______ post infection. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how infections begin in HIV patients |
|
Definition
| T cell count reduces and opportunistic infections begin. |
|
|
Term
| AIDS patients do or do not usually become seriously ill directly from HIV itself? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infections that would not normally cause illness but will replicate to high numbers if they have the opportunity to |
|
|
Term
| example of something that causes an opportunistic infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how Candida yeast infections are opportunistic infections |
|
Definition
| they would be a minor illness in a healthy person but could cause serious complications in those who are immune suppressed |
|
|
Term
| Most patients with AIDS exhibit serious illnesses because... |
|
Definition
| HIV has lowered immunity towards other microorganisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces dsDNA from ssRNA |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the dsDNA that the HIV's reverse transcriptase produces? |
|
Definition
| it integrates into host genome |
|
|
Term
| New virions of HIV cause... |
|
Definition
| host cell lysis (T cell death) |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of HIV |
|
Definition
-(+)ssRNA
-Carries reverse transcriptase.
+Reverse transcribed into dsDNA, which integrates into host genome.
-Can remain latent/reactivate.
-New virions cause host cell lysis (T cell death). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chronically infected HIV patients have diverse HIV populations in their blood, called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A collection of isolates (usually viruses) from a common source of infection that have evolved into many different types within one host |
|
|
Term
| ______ HIV patients have diverse HIV populations in their blood, called quasispecies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chronically infected HIV patients have ______ HIV populations in their blood, called quasispecies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ virus populations hard to target with antiviral drugs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diverse virus populations hard to target with ______ drugs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| frequency of HIV mutation |
|
Definition
| HIV mutates frequently such that an infected patient has diverse variants within their body at any one time. |
|
|
Term
| Certain variants of HIV ______ tissues of the genital tract. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Certain variants of HIV “seed” tissues of the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many HIV variants can make their way to the genital tract and replicate in the genital tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| “seeding” the genital tissue |
|
Definition
| going to the genital tract and replicating in the genital tissue |
|
|
Term
| the HIV variants that are seen in fluid from genital tract |
|
Definition
| the ones that "seed" the genital tract |
|
|
Term
| what variants of HIV get transmitted to others? |
|
Definition
| only the fastest replicating variants |
|
|
Term
| how fast replicating variants of HIV infect new hosts |
|
Definition
| they seed the blood of the new host |
|
|
Term
| some reasons HIV is difficult to treat |
|
Definition
-no one drug will effectively target all the diverse variants
-By the time most patients are diagnosed the virus has already produced the diverse population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Chronically infected patients have diverse HIV populations in their blood (quasispecies). Diverse populations hard to target with antiviral drugs.
-Certain variants “seed” tissues of the genital tract.
-The same variants are seen in fluid from genital tract.
-Fast replicating variants are transmitted to others.
-Fast replicating variants seed the blood of newly infected.
-Population becomes diverse in new patient. Diverse populations are hard to target with antiviral drugs.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| donor blood (chronic infection) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| recipient blood (acute infection) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| recipient blood (chronic infection) |
|
|
Term
| is HIV vaccine available? |
|
Definition
| no, but active research is ongoing |
|
|
Term
| the ideal HIV vaccine would... |
|
Definition
| stimulate the production of specific antibodies which would bind to HIV preventing it from entering host cells |
|
|
Term
| Problems with development of HIV vaccine |
|
Definition
| Virions continually change their properties (variants) |
|
|
Term
| HIV virions continually change their... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| example of a virus that doesn't exhibit latency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| example of virus that exhibits seasonality |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| during certain seasonal time periods, the virus will be most active |
|
|
Term
| Influenza peaks during... |
|
Definition
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| 2 hypotheses as to why Influenza peaks during winter |
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Definition
1: In the United States, winter months mean generally, more time is spent indoors in closer contact with others. The likelihood of picking up respiratory infection (droplets) from another increases. This is true of most respiratory microorganisms; not only Influenza.
2: The stability of an influenza virion decreases as the humidity in the air increases. That is, the virus remains more stable in dry air than it does in humid air. Meaning, dry air is more common during the winter; thus the virus will be more stable during those months. |
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Definition
| it spreads via aerosols-short incubation |
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Term
| some symptoms of influenza |
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Definition
-Muscle aches / fatigue
-Chills
-Fever
-Sore throat |
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Term
| some complications that can result from influenza |
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Definition
| Bacterial secondary infections of the lungs, sinus, and ear |
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Term
| secondary infections that can result from influenza |
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Definition
| Bacterial secondary infections of the lungs, sinus, and ear |
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Term
| the nucleic acid in influenza |
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Definition
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| organisms affected by influenza A |
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Definition
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| organisms affected by influenza B |
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Definition
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| organisms affected by influenza C |
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Definition
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Definition
| influenza virion, showing that it has its genome in multiple segments |
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Term
| the spike proteins on an influenza virus |
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Definition
-hemagglutinin (HA)
-neuraminidase (NA) |
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Definition
| Important for attachment to respiratory epithelium. |
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Definition
| Important for hydrolysis of epithelial mucus, allowing better adherence to cells, and release of virions. |
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| Subtypes of influenza virus are named on the basis of... |
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Definition
their hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) variants
Ex. H5N1 Bird Flu |
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Term
| effect of rapid influenza mutation |
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Definition
| mutates frequently during replication leading to rapid Influenza variants emerging in a population (flu season) |
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Definition
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| Each strand of influenza virus genome encodes... |
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Definition
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| A cell infected with two different strains of influenza virus can... |
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Definition
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Term
| what could happen when one cell is infected by two strains of Influenza virus? |
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Definition
| one strain of the virus could accidentally pick up some strands of genome from the other strain of the virus as they are both using the same machinery to replicate |
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Term
| how a novel strain of the influenza virus can emerge |
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Definition
| one strain of the virus accidentally picking up some strands of genome from the other strain of the virus in the same cell during replication |
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Term
| difference between reassorting and mutating |
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Definition
| mutating has only one strain involved while reassorting involves two or more strains picking up characteristics from each other |
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Term
| how the 2009 swine flu outbreak is believed to have begun |
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Definition
[image]
In 2009 there was a swine flu outbreak that was believed to have resulted from a “reassortment” event. The leading theory is that an Avian Influenza strain and a Human Influenza strain both infected a population of pigs at the same time. In the pig host the virus reassorted into a novel strain of Influenza that had traits of both strains. This novel “swine” strain carried properties much different than most human strains of the flu that its infectivity was greatly increased. |
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| In the Northern Hemisphere, the ______ meet in February to review data and recommend the upcoming strains to be included in that seasons vaccine. |
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Definition
| World Health Organization and collaborators |
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| In the Northern Hemisphere, the World Health Organization and collaborators meet in ______ to review data and recommend the upcoming strains to be included in that seasons vaccine. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the Northern Hemisphere, the World Health Organization and collaborators meet in February to ______ and recommend the upcoming strains to be included in that seasons vaccine. |
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Definition
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| In the Northern Hemisphere, the World Health Organization and collaborators meet in February to review data and recommend ______ to be included in that seasons vaccine. |
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Definition
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| The ______ makes the final decision for influenza vaccines for the United States. |
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Definition
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Term
| how many strains are included in the influenza vaccine during a given year? |
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Definition
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Term
| how inactivated influenza vaccine is done |
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Definition
| Administered via needle (shot). |
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Term
| does inactivated influenza virus replicate? |
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Definition
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Term
| how live/attenuated influenza vaccine is done |
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Definition
| Administered via intranasal mist. |
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Term
| does Live/Attenuated influenza virus replicate? |
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Definition
| it replicates some, but not enough to give you the flu |
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Term
| when Live/Attenuated influenza vaccine was reintroduced |
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Definition
| During the 2019 flu season |
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Term
| is there any differenc in effectiveness between inactivated and live/attenuated influenza vaccine? |
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Definition
| During 2020 flu season data indicated no difference in effectiveness (meaning it had similar effectiveness as inactivated).
At the time of this statement: flu season 2020 just ended so retrospective analysis may change findings. |
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Term
| symptoms of HERPES SIMPLEX TYPE 1 |
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Definition
-Blister at lips, mouth, and gums. (cold sores)
-Can gain access to eye. |
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Term
| how HSV 1 remains in the body |
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Definition
-Lifetime latency
-periodic reactivation in times of stress. |
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Term
| when HSV 1 is reactivated |
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Definition
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| is there a cure for HSV 1? |
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Definition
| no, but there is treatment |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Antiviral
-acts as nucleotides, incorporated into viral DNA, stops polymerization |
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| how Acyclovir is antiviral |
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Definition
acts as nucleotides, incorporated into viral DNA, stops polymerization
basically stops virus DNA polymerization |
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| Herpes outbreaks will typically resolve... |
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Definition
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Term
| an OVER-THE-COUNTER TREATMENT FOR COLD SORES |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -OVER-THE-COUNTER TREATMENT FOR COLD SORES
-Contains Docosanol (fatty acid)- “Changes the host cell membrane which surrounds healthy cells so that virus can't enter cells.”
-It is not an antiviral, in order to be effective must be applied at earliest signs of outbreak (tingling). |
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Definition
| fatty acid that “Changes the host cell membrane which surrounds healthy cells so that virus can’t enter cells.” |
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| how Docosanol treats cold sores |
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Definition
| the Docosanol (fatty acid) in it “Changes the host cell membrane which surrounds healthy cells so that virus can’t enter cells.” |
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Definition
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| for Docosanol to be affective, it must be... |
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Definition
| applied at earliest signs of outbreak (tingling). |
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Term
| the earliest signs of a HSV 1 outbreak |
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Definition
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Term
| If a patient waits too long before applying treatment (Docosanol),... |
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Definition
| the virus will have already infected enough cells to cause a full outbreak, but it may lessen the duration of outbreak. |
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Term
| Docosanol is only approved for ______ outbreaks of HSV 1 |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are there so few antiviral agents available? |
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Definition
-Applying the principle of selective toxicity is much harder for viruses than it is for bacteria.
-Few targets are unique.
-since all viruses replicate inside a host cell and use host cell machinery, targeting that machinery would mean targeting the host (high likelihood of side effects) |
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Term
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Definition
| all viruses replicate inside a host cell and use host cell machinery |
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Term
| why antivirals run the risk of side effects |
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Definition
| because all viruses replicate inside a host cell and use host cell machinery, which means targeting that machinery would mean targeting the host |
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Term
| neuraminidase (NA) is needed by influenza to... |
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Definition
| escape from the host cell |
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Term
| how neuraminidase (NA) helps influenza escape from the host cell |
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Definition
it cleaves sialic acid groups from host glycoproteins
[image] |
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Term
| ______ binds to NEURAMINIDASE (NA) so that it can’t cleave host attachment. |
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Definition
| Oseltimivir (ie. Tamiflu) |
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Term
| Oseltimivir (ie. Tamiflu) binds to ______ so that it can’t cleave host attachment. |
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Definition
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Term
| Oseltimivir (ie. Tamiflu) binds to NEURAMINIDASE (NA) so that it can’t ______. |
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Definition
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Definition
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| how Oseltimivir (ie. Tamiflu) prevents Influenza from leaving the host cell to find new cellular targets |
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Definition
it binds to NEURAMINIDASE (NA) so that it can’t cleave host attachment
[image] |
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Term
| Tamiflu is most effective if taken... |
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Definition
| within 2 days of symptom onset |
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Term
| what type of inhibitor is Tamiflu? |
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Definition
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Term
| why is Tamiflu is most effective if taken within 2 days of symptom onset? |
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Definition
| after 2 days, it's more likely that the virus has already released high numbers of itself |
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Term
| some Inhibitors of influenza proteins |
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Definition
-Amantadine
-Zanamivir
-Oseltimivir (ie. Tamiflu) |
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Term
| how Amantadine interferes with influenza |
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Definition
| it inhibits the M2 protein |
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Term
| how Zanamivir inhibits influenza |
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Definition
| it inhibits neuraminidase |
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Term
| some drugs that inhibit HIV |
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Definition
-AZT
-Indinavir
-Enfuvirtide |
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Term
| how AZT interferes with HIV |
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Definition
-Reverse Transcription Inhibitor)
-Prevents HIV reverse transcription |
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Term
| how Indinavir interferes with HIV |
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Definition
-Protease Inhibitor
-Prevents HIV protein cleavage |
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Term
| how Enfuvirtide interferes with HIV |
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Definition
-Fusion Inhibitor
-Prevents entry of HIV into cells |
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Term
| why HIV must be targeted with a multi-drug cocktail |
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Definition
| because the diverse HIV variants within a host’s body are hard to target with one drug |
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Term
| how HIV protease interferes with HIV |
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Definition
it cleaves a single Gag polyprotein into multiple, smaller proteins
[image]
The protease enzyme is shown here as a ribbon structure, while the protease inhibitor BEA 369 is shown as a stick model |
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