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Module 5
Physiology
102
Physiology
Undergraduate 2
05/12/2021

Additional Physiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
The ________ separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities.
Definition
diaphragm
Term
Decompression sickness is caused by ascending to sea level too quickly which results in bubbles of ________ to form in the blood.
Definition
nitrogen
Term
What law states that the pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume?
Definition
Boyle's Law
Term
Which of the following changes would occur during exercise?
Definition
Increased oxygen extraction by muscles
Term
Functions of the conducting zone
Definition
The major functions of the conducting zone are to provide a route for incoming and outgoing air, remove/filter debris and pathogens from the incoming air, and warm and humidify the incoming air.

gas exchange is NOT a function of the conducting zone
Term
When a person is lying down, blood pressure is uniform and the capillaries in the lung are open. What happens to the surface area for gas exchange when a person lies down?
Definition
The surface area for gas exchange increases when the person lies down.
Term
Which law states that the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas?
Definition
Henry's law
Term
Hypoventilation (inadequate ventilation) can result in respiratory __________, while hyperventilation (excessive ventilation) can result in respiratory __________.
Definition
acidosis: alkalosis
Term
During a breath, air enters both the conducting zone (airways with no gas exchange) and the respiratory zone (alveoli). The average conducting zone volume is 150 ml. According to your data, when the subject was lying down, what was the average amount of air that entered the respiratory zone?
Definition
Respiratory volume is tidal volume minus conducting zone. The air that enters the alveoli would be around 210 ml.
Term
What is the condition of having low blood oxygen levels?
Definition
Hypoxemia
Term
Red blood cells present in the urine would indicate damage, or disease, to the __________.
Definition
filtration barrier(s) of the glomerulus
Term
Increased sympathetic neuron activity will cause
Definition
vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles.
Term
Na+ reabsorption is a(n) __________ process, while Cl- reabsoprtion is a(n) __________ process.
Definition
active, passive
Term
The process of urination is called
Definition
micturition.
Term
The average glomerular filtration rate is equal to
Definition
180 L/day.
Term
The __________ is the functional unit of the kidney.
Definition
nephron
Term
Which of the following is the correct order of the nephron tubule structures?
Definition
Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule
Term
Antidiuretic hormone
Definition
stimulates water reabsorption by the kidney, induces fusion of aquaporin containing vesicles with the plasma membrane, is secreted in response to dehydration.
Term
The return of molecules from the nephron tubules to the blood is called as
Definition
reabsorption.
Term
Which sphincter is under voluntary control?
Definition
external urethral sphincter
Term
Functions of the digestive system include all of the following
Definition
deglutition, hormone secretion, absorption. Does NOT include hormone degradation.
Term
Bile is produced by
Definition
hepatocytes.
Term
Why is bicarbonate an important component of pancreatic juice?
Definition
Bicarbonate increases the pH, providing an optimal environment for the enzymes in pancreatic juice.
Term
During the intestinal phase regulating gastric function
Definition
gastric gland secretions are inhibited.
Term
Movement of water out of the large intestine is by
Definition
osmosis.
Term
Pepsin would not be found in the stomach if the __________ cells were destroyed
Definition
chief or zymogenic
Term
Which of the following motility processes is NOT correctly matched to its description?

peristalsis - rhythmic, wave-like contractions
mastication - removal of wastes
ingestion - taking food into the mouth
deglutition - swallowing
Definition
mastication - removal of wastes
Term
Wavelike muscular contraction of the gastrointestinal tract is called
Definition
peristalsis.
Term
Why does the upper third of the esophagus have skeletal muscle in its wall?
Definition
the first phase of swallowing is voluntary
Term
_________________ is a disorder in which acidic gastric juice travels up the esophagus.
Definition
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Term
The volume of gas inspired or expired in a quiet respiration cycle is the ________.
Definition
tidal volume
Term
When alveolar ventilation increases, the perfusion of pulmonary arterioles will ________.
Definition
increase
Term
At the alveoli, the diffusion of gases between the air and blood is facilitated by:
Definition
the thin respiratory membrane plus the large surface area plus the low oxygen levels in the pulmonary arteries.
Term
Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange takes place between the blood and the air in the (human) lungs across the walls of:
Definition
the alveoli.
Term
Diffusion rate across the respiratory membrane is rapid because ________.
Definition
there are about 750 square feet of alveoli membrane, alveoli are one cell thick, the air-blood barrier is two cells thick
Term
The exchange of chloride ions for bicarbonate through tissue capillaries is called the ________.
Definition
chloride shift
Term
The majority of reabsorption occurs in the
Definition
proximal convoluted tubule.
Term
What structures carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?
Definition
ureters
Term
In the kidneys, blood goes from the afferent arterioles to the __________, and then enters the __________, which then delivers the blood to the __________.
Definition
glomerulus; efferent arterioles; peritubular capillaries
Term
Incontinence could develop as a result of
Definition
pressure on the detrusor muscle, pressure on the detrusor muscle, and damage to the external urethral sphincter.
Term
The __________ is a capillary network that produces a blood filtrate that enters the urinary tubules.
Definition
glomerulus
Term
The actions of the kidney include regulation of
Definition
blood plasma pH, blood plasma volume, and blood plasma electrolyte concentration
Term
The __________ acts as a countercurrent exchanger.
Definition
vasa recta
Term
Long folds of the stomach's inner surface are called
Definition
rugae
Term
What commonly ingested substances are absorbed through the stomach wall?
Definition
alcohol and aspirin
Term
Chewing of food is
Definition
mastication
Term
The primary function of the large intestine is
Definition
water and electrolyte reabsorption
Term
The stomach churns food into a pasty material is called
Definition
chyme
Term
Which of the following is one of the phases of swallowing?
Definition
oral, pharyngeal, or esophageal
Term
Pepsin would have the greatest activity
Definition
when the pH of the chyme is less than 3.
Term
Structures of the small intestine that increases its surface area? Which of the following is NOT a structure of the small intestine that increases its surface area?

rugae, villi, plicae circularis, microvilli
Definition
villi, plicae circularis, and microvilli

rugae is NOT
Term
Where does the reverse chloride shift occur?
Definition
Pulmonary capillaries
Term
The volume of gas remaining in the lungs after a maximum expiration is the ________.
Definition
residual volume
Term
Fluid secretion by lung cells is due to ________ alveolar cells.
Definition
active transport of Cl- out of
Term
Cessation of breathing is known as ________.
Definition
apnea
Term
Quiet expiration is caused by ________.
Definition
lung recoil and increased intrapulmonary pressure
Term
The enzyme ________ catalyzes the formation of H2CO3 from CO2 and water.
Definition
carbonic anhydrase
Term
How does surfactant reduce the surface tension of water in the lungs?
Definition
Reduces hydrogen bonding between water molecules
Term
The renal pelvis receives urine from the
Definition
major calyces.
Term
The _______________ nephrons play an important role in producing concentrated urine.
Definition
juxtamedullary
Term
The movement of molecules and ions from the peritubular capillaries into interstitial fluid and then into the nephron tubule is called
Definition
secretion.
Term
The efferent arteriole delivers blood to the
Definition
peritubular capillaries
Term
The __________ limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water.
Definition
ascending
Term
The ability of the kidneys to remove molecules from the blood plasma by excreting them in the urine is known as
Definition
renal clearance.
Term
Structures of the gastrointestinal tract? Which of the following is NOT part of the gastrointestinal tract?

pharynx, liver, small intestine, esophagus
Definition
pharynx, small intestine, and esophagus are part of the gastrointestinal tract.

Liver is NOT
Term
What structure keeps food from entering the larynx during swallowing?
Definition
epiglottis
Term
Place the tunics of the GI tract wall in the correct order from superficial to deep.

serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa
Definition
serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa
Term
____________ is required for the intestinal absorption of vitamin B12.
Definition
Intrinsic factor
Term
The process of waste removal is called
Definition
defecation.
Term
A pH above 7.45 is considered ________.
Definition
alkalosis
Term
The conducting zone contains all of the following EXCEPT the ________.

primary bronchi, larynx, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles
Definition
respiratory bronchioles
Term
A pulmonary condition caused from smoking indicated by destructed extracellular matrix and enlargement of the alveoli is
Definition
emphysema
Term
Quiet inspiration will ________ thoracic and lung volume and ________ intrapulmonary pressure.
Definition
increase; decrease
Term
Blood flow to a group of alveoli will decrease if:
Definition
the level of oxygen in the alveoli decreases.
Term
Which of the following is NOT part of the conducting zone?

primary bronchi, trachea, alveoli, nose
Definition
alveoli
Term
Pulmonary capillaries close if the arterial blood pressure:
Definition
decreases.
Term
Which of the following is NOT a section of the small intestine?

ileum, cecum, jejunum, duodenum
Definition
cecum

The three sections of the small intestine are the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
Term
The mixing movement of the small intestine is called
Definition
segmentation.
Term
The majority of hydrolysis of disaccharides occurs by the actions of enzymes found
Definition
in the brush border of the small intestine.
Term
The ____ limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to salt.
Definition
descending
Term
The concentration of renal filtrate is highest in the
Definition
base of the Loop of Henle.
Term
The __________ are responsible for delivering blood directly into the glomerulus to begin the process of filtration.
Definition
afferent arterioles
Term
Which of the following processes is NOT a liver function?

lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis, hydrolysis of sucrose, glycogenolysis
Definition
hydrolysis of sucrose
Term
Deglutition is coordinated by the swallowing center in the
Definition
brain stem.
Term
Amino acids and peptides in the stomach lumen stimulate acid secretion during the ________ phase of gastric secretion
Definition
gastric
Term
Peripheral chemoreceptors that can detect changes in blood pH are located in the ________.
Definition
aortic and carotid bodies
Term
Which of the following may result from emphysema?

Reduced gas exchange surface area, air trapping, cor pulmonale
Definition
All of the choices are correct
Term
The majority of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as ________.
Definition
bicarbonate ion
Term
Intrapleural pressure ________ during expiration.
Definition
increases
Term
The enzyme ________ catalyzes the formation of H2CO3 from CO2 and water.
Definition
carbonic anhydrase
Term
What creates a Na+ concentration gradient in the proximal tubule?
Definition
Na+/K+ pump
Term
Which of the following is NOT a function of intestinal microbiota?

production of b vitamins, ferment indigestible contents of the chyme, production of vitamin k, hydrolyze proteins
Definition
hydrolyze proteins
Term
The total amount of gas in the lungs after a maximum inspiration is the ________.
Definition
total lung capacity
Term
As carbon dioxide levels increase, pH levels will ________, causing the rate of respiration to ________.
Definition
decrease: increase
Term
Which muscles contraction will stimulate inspiration?

Diaphragm, External intercostals, parasternal intercostals
Definition
All of the choices are correct
Term
Select the phrase that best describes the way carbon dioxide is transported in the blood.

Dissolved in blood plasma, attached to an amino acid in the globin chain of hemoglobin, as bicarbonate ions
Definition
All of the choices are correct
Term
The tendency of the lungs to return to their initial size after stretching is ________.
Definition
elasticity
Term
The arrival of chyme into the duodenum begins the _______ phase of stomach function.
Definition
intestinal
Term
Pulmonary circulation is a ________ resistance and ________ pressure pathway.
Definition
low; low
Term
Acidic chyme is buffered by __________ secreted from the pancreas.
Definition
bicarbonate
Term
Which of the following is NOT a major constituent of bile?
Definition
urea
Term
The transport of digested food into the blood or lymph is
Definition
absorption.
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