Term
| Traditional microbial taxonomy (was or was not) rooted in evolutionary relatedness. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In traditional microbial taxonomy, naming referenced... |
|
Definition
| diseases they caused or processes they performed.
Ex. Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
|
|
Term
| the type of taxonomy used today for microbes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In polyphasic taxonomy, microbes are categorized based on... |
|
Definition
-Genotype
-phenotype
-evolutionary relatedness (rRNA) |
|
|
Term
| GROUPINGS WE WILL CONSIDER in microbial diversity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Largest grouping- Bacteria/Archaea/Eukarya |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large group of related microbes (evolutionary) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Group of closely related microbes, comprised of several species with different properties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some MAJOR BACTERIAL PHYLA |
|
Definition
-Deep-branching thermophiles
-Cyanobacteria
-Gram-positive bacteria
-Proteobacteria
-Deep-branching Gram-negative bacteria
-Spirochetes
-Chlamydiae, Planctomycetes, and Verrumicrobia |
|
|
Term
| the three bacterial phyla we will focus on in this course |
|
Definition
-Deep-branching thermophiles
-Cyanobacteria
-Gram-positive bacteria |
|
|
Term
| is the group DEEP BRANCHING THERMOPHILES one phylum or more than one phylum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of DEEP-BRANCHING THERMOPHILES |
|
Definition
-Diverged the earliest from ancestral archaea and eukaryotes
-Fastest doubling rates of all bacteria
-High mutation rate |
|
|
Term
| which group of bacteria Diverged the earliest from ancestral archaea and eukaryotes? |
|
Definition
| DEEP-BRANCHING THERMOPHILES |
|
|
Term
| which group of bacteria is the Fastest doubling rates of all bacteria? |
|
Definition
| DEEP-BRANCHING THERMOPHILES |
|
|
Term
| name a group of bacteria with a High mutation rate |
|
Definition
| DEEP-BRANCHING THERMOPHILES |
|
|
Term
| which group of bacteria diverged the earliest? |
|
Definition
| DEEP-BRANCHING THERMOPHILES |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of PHYLUM AQUIFICAE |
|
Definition
-“Water maker”
-Oxidize hydrogen gas with molecular oxygen to make water
-Ether linked membrane lipids (usually found in Archaea) |
|
|
Term
| which bacteria phylum is “Water maker”? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which bacteria phylum oxidizes hydrogen gas with molecular oxygen to make water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which bacteria phylum has ether linked membrane lipids (usually found in Archaea)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PHYLUM AQUIFICAE is unique in that it has... |
|
Definition
membrane lipid links composed of ether
-this feature is usually associated with Archaeal organisms |
|
|
Term
| name a bacterial species that belongs to the phylum Aquificae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of Thermocrinis ruber |
|
Definition
-all the properties of the bacterial phylum
-On standard lab media, it grows as a bacilli (rod)
-In its natural environment of streams (water currents), it grows as long thin intertwined filaments.
-82-88˚C temperature preference
-prefers a warm environment rich in water flow
-as mat of “pink streamers” |
|
|
Term
| why Thermocrinis ruber change morphology on different surfaces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thermocrinis ruber growing as rods on standard lab media |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thermocrinis ruber growing as long, intertwined filaments in water currents (streams) |
|
|
Term
| why was Thermocrinis ruber initially hard to study? |
|
Definition
| because growing as rods on standard lab media and growing as long intertwined filaments in water currents (streams) made scientists believe they were culturing the wrong organism |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of PHYLUM THERMOTOGAE |
|
Definition
-“Toga”
-Loosely bound sheath-Absence of “classical” outer membrane
-Mosaic genomes (bacterial-archaeal)
-all the properties of deep branching thermophiles
-contain the unique characteristic of membrane “sheaths” that balloon away from the cell at the cell poles |
|
|
Term
| which bacterial phylum contains Loosely bound sheath-Absence of “classical” outer membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which bacterial phylum has Mosaic genomes (bacterial-archaeal)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which bacterial phylum contains the unique characteristic of membrane “sheaths” that balloon away from the cell at the cell poles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the difference between the sheaths in PHYLUM THERMOTOGAE and classical Gram negative outer membranes |
|
Definition
| the sheaths in PHYLUM THERMOTOGAE balloon away from the cell at the cell poles |
|
|
Term
| why do members of PHYLUM THERMOTOGAE have a ballooning membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of Thermotoga maritima |
|
Definition
-One of the highest recorded growth temperatures (90˚C)
-During growth “sheath” extends from the poles.
-Outer envelope “grows”
-Cytoplasmic growth “stalls” |
|
|
Term
| has one of the highest recorded growth temperatures (90˚C) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During growth “sheath” extends from the poles. |
|
Definition
| Thermotoga maritima
I think the entire PHYLUM THERMOTOGAE |
|
|
Term
| Outer envelope “grows” while the Cytoplasmic growth “stalls” |
|
Definition
| Thermotoga maritima
I think the entire PHYLUM THERMOTOGAE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| member of PHYLUM THERMOTOGAE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a species in the PHYLUM THERMOTOGAE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a species in the PHYLUM AQUIFICAE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some phyla within the group DEEP-BRANCHING THERMOPHILES |
|
Definition
-PHYLUM AQUIFICAE
-PHYLUM THERMOTOGAE
-PHYLUM CHLOROFELXI |
|
|
Term
| what phylum is Thermotoga maritima in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what phylum is Thermocrinis ruber in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| member of PHYLUM CHLOROFELXI |
|
|
Term
| bacteria in PHYLUM CHLOROFELXI grow as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name a member of phylum CHLOROFELXI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what phylum is Chloroflexus aurantiacus in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of Chloroflexus aurantiacus |
|
Definition
-Lower layers of microbial mats (Under Cyanobacteria)
-Gram negative (atypical)
-No outer membrane
-50-65˚C temperature range |
|
|
Term
| Chloroflexus aurantiacus is found in... |
|
Definition
| microbial mats (biofilms). |
|
|
Term
| parts of the mats Chloroflexus aurantiacus is usually associated with |
|
Definition
| non-surface areas of the mats |
|
|
Term
| what bacteria are found on the surface of mats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chloroflexus aurantiacus is atypical of phylum Chloroflexi in that... |
|
Definition
-it has no outer membrane
-it is not Gram positive (no teichoic acids/no thick peptidoglycan) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| found in lower layers of microbial mats, usually under Cyanobacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is Chloroflexus aurantiacus Gram-positive or Gram-negative? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name a bacterium that has no outer membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the prefered temperature range for Chloroflexus aurantiacus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the environment preferred by Chloroflexus aurantiacus |
|
Definition
| warm stream environments, such as Yellowstone's Octopus Spring |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of PHYLUM CYANOBACTERIA |
|
Definition
-Largest, most diverse group of photosynthetic bacteria
-The only ones who are oxygenic
-Thick peptidoglycan (almost as thick as Gram +)
-Appear green because of the predominant blue and red absorption by chlorophylls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Largest, most diverse group of photosynthetic bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The only bacteria who are oxygenic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thickness of peptidoglycan cell wall in PHYLUM CYANOBACTERIA |
|
Definition
| almost as thick as Gram + |
|
|
Term
| Appear green because of the predominant blue and red absorption by chlorophylls |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cyanobacteria share many kinds of ______ associations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cyanobacteria participate in this type of community |
|
Definition
| multilayered microbial mats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two or more organisms living in close association and providing benefits to each other |
|
|
Term
| where Cyanobacteria are found in microbial mats |
|
Definition
| usually the surface layer |
|
|
Term
| how do organisms in a mutualistic relationship grow without each other? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cyanobacteria and diatoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Purple sulfur proteobacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Long-wavelength purple sulfur bacteria |
|
|
Term
| some ways Cyanobacteria can grow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oscillatoria
pond Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria growing as colonies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pleurocapsa
Cyanobacteria growing as filaments |
|
|
Term
| this Cyanobacteria forms filaments that consist of platelike cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this Cyanobacteria forms enormous aggregates that release baeocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pleurocapsa forms enormous aggregates that release... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it forms filaments that consist of platelike cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it forms enormous aggregates that release baeocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| colonies of Chroococcus (a type of Cyanobacteria) |
|
|
Term
| how Cyanobacteria form colonies |
|
Definition
| they surround themselves with other single cells and encase the community in a layer of protective mucus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Specialized cells in filamentous Cyanobacteria used for nitrogen fixation |
|
|
Term
| when HETEROCYSTS are produced |
|
Definition
| when organism is nitrogen deprived |
|
|
Term
| how the heterocyst protects its ability to fix nitrogen |
|
Definition
| Thick heterocyst wall prevents O2 diffusion into heterocyst which would inactivate nitrogenase. |
|
|
Term
| why Cyanobacteria need heterocysts |
|
Definition
| because they live in oxygen rich environments and oxygen can inactivate the enzyme necessary for nitrogen fixation |
|
|
Term
| name a genus of Cyanobacteria that produces heterocysts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some things Cyanobacteria may have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some Cyanobacteria that contain thylakoids and carboxysomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ accounts for 40%–50% of marine phototrophic biomass. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prochlorococcus accounts for ______ of marine phototrophic biomass. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name a species in phylum Cyanobacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the temperature Synechococcus elongatus prefers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 distinct Gram-positive phyla |
|
Definition
-Phylum Firmicutes
-Phylum Actinobacteria |
|
|
Term
| difference between Phylum Firmicutes and Phylum Actinobacteria |
|
Definition
-members of Phylum Firmicutes are “Low-GC” species
-members of Phylum Actinobacteria “High-GC” species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| less than 50% GC (guanosine and cytosine) in their genomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more than 50% GC (guanosine and cytosine) in their genomes |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of PHYLUM FIRMICUTES |
|
Definition
-Low-GC
-Many form endospores
-Many are pathogens |
|
|
Term
| name a species in PHYLUM FIRMICUTES` |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what phylum is Clostridium difficile in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dormant bacterial structures used to survive harsh environmental conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a bacterium that is a serious agent of human inflammation of the colon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how Clostridium difficile survives in the gut |
|
Definition
| it forms endospores that survive for months or years in the colon and when the conditions become optimal for it (reduction of gut flora via antibiotic use) the spores will germinate to metabolically active bacteria |
|
|
Term
| when conditions become right for Clostridium difficile |
|
Definition
| reduction of gut flora via antibiotic use |
|
|
Term
| what Clostridium difficile endospores do when conditions become right |
|
Definition
| they germinate to metabolically active bacteria |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of GENUS CLOSTRIDIUM |
|
Definition
-Rods
-obligate anaerobes
-Spore forming (some have terminal drumstick) |
|
|
Term
| what causes the drumstick shape in some Clostridium spores? |
|
Definition
| ensospore formation at one pole of the cell
As Clostridium cells sporulate, the endospore swells, forming a characteristic “drumstick” appearance. |
|
|
Term
| As ______ cells sporulate, the endospore swells, forming a characteristic “drumstick” appearance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As Clostridium cells sporulate, the endospore swells, forming a characteristic “______” appearance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of Clostridium botulium |
|
Definition
-Agent of foodborne botulism
-Common in environment/soil
-Spores allow dormant survival until ideal conditions are met (anaerobic) |
|
|
Term
| the agent of foodborne botulism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where Clostridium botulium can be found |
|
Definition
| Common in environment/soil |
|
|
Term
| how Clostridium botulium survives until conditions are right |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the right conditions for Clostridium botulium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| common source of Clostridium botulium infecting host |
|
Definition
| Improperly preserved foods |
|
|
Term
| what Clostridium botulium does to the host |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bacteria that produces botulism toxin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what botulism toxin (botox) does to the host |
|
Definition
-Blocks nerve function
-Double vision
-drooping eyelids
-paralysis |
|
|
Term
what do these arrows point to?
[image] |
|
Definition
| terminal drumstick shape of bacteria that belong to the genus Clostridium, phylum Firmicutes |
|
|
Term
| why it's dangerous for infants younger than one year to consume honey |
|
Definition
| because honey often contains Clostridium botulinum endospores and the gut microflora in infants is not mature enough to prevent their attachment |
|
|
Term
| infants account for ______ of botulism cases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some treatments for botulism |
|
Definition
-Intensive care
-antitoxin |
|
|
Term
| how gut bacteria protect against botulism |
|
Definition
| it prevents the attachment of Clostridium botulinum endospores |
|
|
Term
| how infants younger than 1 year get botulism |
|
Definition
| Exposure to endospores or toxin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some things that can expose humans to botulism |
|
Definition
-Food-borne botulism, such as canned foods
-sources outside the body |
|
|
Term
| What happens when the Clostridium botulinum germinates (becomes vegetative)? |
|
Definition
| it grows, divides, and produces botulism toxin |
|
|
Term
| where in the body does Clostridium botulinum germinate? |
|
Definition
| the lower GI tract, where it's anaerobic |
|
|
Term
| Can you compare and contrast the different mechanisms of human botulism? |
|
Definition
| In infants, the immature gut flora allows the Clostridium botulinum to germinate and produce the botulism toxin. In adults, the endospore can only germinate outside the body, but the botulism toxin itself can be consumed and cause disease. |
|
|
Term
| The amount of Botox used for therapeutic use |
|
Definition
| micro amounts (microdosing) |
|
|
Term
| Some therapeutic uses for botox |
|
Definition
-treatment of Bell's palsy
-migraine headaches
-it can also be used for wrinkles, but that's cosmetic |
|
|
Term
| Some characteristics of PHYLUM ACTINOBACTERIA |
|
Definition
-High-GC
-Form complex multicellular filaments.
-Some are acid-fast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacteria in PHYLUM ACTINOBACTERIA |
|
|
Term
| are members of PHYLUM ACTINOBACTERIA high or low GC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how members of PHYLUM ACTINOBACTERIA grow |
|
Definition
| they form complex multicellular filaments |
|
|
Term
| a type of staining that works for some members of PHYLUM ACTINOBACTERIA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which phylum is Genus Streptomyces in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of Genus Streptomyces |
|
Definition
-Aerobic
-Non motile
-Inhabit soil
-Produce geosmin, which produces a moist earth odor
-Nonpathogenic
-Grow onto and into their substratum. |
|
|
Term
| are members of Genus Streptomyces aerobic or anaerobic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are members of of Genus Streptomyces motile or non-motile? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do members of of Genus Streptomyces live? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| members of Genus Streptomyces account for ______ of culturable soil microbes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are members of genus Streptomyces acid-fast or not? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| members of Genus Streptomyces produce ______, which produces a moist earth odor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| members of Genus Streptomyces produce geosmin, which produces... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are members of Genus Streptomyces pathogenic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how members of Genus Streptomyces grow |
|
Definition
| they grow onto and into their substratum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| some bacteria in genus Streptomyces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| some colonies of genus Streptomyces
they are a combination of: raised/rigid/flat areas (not fuzzy!) |
|
|
Term
| the chromosomes in genus Streptomyces |
|
Definition
| linear chromosomes with telomeres |
|
|
Term
| a group of prokaryotes that have linear chromosomes with telomeres |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hairpin-looped telomere end of the linear chromosome in genus Streptomyces |
|
|
Term
| some details about the life cycle of genus Streptomyces |
|
Definition
-Vegetative cells form dense substrate mycelium in the soil.
-Nutrient limitation/stress induces growth up into the air- (aerial mycelium)
-Aerial mycelium “cannibalize” substrate mycelium for nutrients
-The secondary metabolites are medically useful. (Antibiotics/ Anticancer)
-Aerial mycelium can also form spores (arthrospores) that can disperse in the wind to soil that is not nutrient-depleted. |
|
|
Term
| In genus ______, vegetative cells form dense substrate mycelium in the soil. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In genus Streptomyces, ______ cells form dense substrate mycelium in the soil. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In genus Streptomyces, vegetative cells form dense ______ in the soil. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In genus Streptomyces, ______ induces growth up into the air- (aerial mycelium) |
|
Definition
| Nutrient limitation/stress |
|
|
Term
| In genus Streptomyces, Nutrient limitation/stress induces growth up into the air- (______) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In genus Streptomyces, ______ “cannibalize” substrate mycelium for nutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In genus Streptomyces, Aerial mycelium “______” substrate mycelium for nutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In genus Streptomyces, Aerial mycelium “cannibalize” ______ for nutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In genus ______, Nutrient limitation/stress induces growth up into the air- (aerial mycelium) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In genus ______, Aerial mycelium “cannibalize” substrate mycelium for nutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______ produced by genus Streptomyces are medically useful. (Antibiotics/ Anticancer) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The secondary metabolites produced by genus ______ are medically useful. (Antibiotics/ Anticancer) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The secondary metabolites produced by genus Streptomyces are medically useful. (______) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ formed by genus Streptomyces can also form spores (arthrospores) that can disperse in the wind to soil that is not nutrient-depleted. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aerial mycelium formed by genus ______ can also form spores (arthrospores) that can disperse in the wind to soil that is not nutrient-depleted. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aerial mycelium formed by genus Streptomyces can also form spores (______) that can disperse in the wind to soil that is not nutrient-depleted. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A mass of hyphae (branched filaments) that extend above the surface and produces spores at the tips. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A mass of hyphae (branched filaments) that form a network below the surface of the soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spores produced by the aerial mycelium of Streptomyces bacteria that can disperse in the wind |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| erection of aerial hyphae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sporulation septation and chromosome segregation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spore germination into substrate mycelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The modern antibiotic revolution began in ______ with the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The modern antibiotic revolution began in 1928 with the discovery of ______ by Alexander Fleming. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The modern antibiotic revolution began in 1928 with the discovery of penicillin by ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how the antibiotic revolution began |
|
Definition
-A contaminating mold had inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus colonies on a plate.
-Fleming theorized that the mold released a substance that inhibited/killed the bacteria! |
|
|
Term
| Antibacterial agents should exhibit ______ toxicity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antibiotics should affect... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some aspects of bacterial physiology antibiotics can affect |
|
Definition
-Peptidoglycan.
-Differences in ribosome structure.
-Biochemical pathway missing in humans. |
|
|
Term
| some classes of antibiotics |
|
Definition
-Broad spectrum
-Narrow spectrum
-Bactericidal
-Bacteriostatic |
|
|
Term
| Broad spectrum antibiotics |
|
Definition
| antibiotics that are effective against many species |
|
|
Term
| Narrow spectrum antibiotics |
|
Definition
| antibiotics that are effective against few or a single species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antibiotics that kill target organisms |
|
|
Term
| Bacteriostatic antibiotics |
|
Definition
antibiotics that prevent growth of organisms
they don't themselves kill the intruder, but they slow down the bacterial replication such that the immune system can get rid of the intruder |
|
|
Term
| example of an antibiotic being both bactericidal and bacteriostatic |
|
Definition
| Some antibiotics are bactericidal at one concentration and bacteriostatic at another concentration. |
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Term
| Can you describe a scenario in which a bacteriostatic drug would be the preferred antibiotic choice? |
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Definition
1: to prevent the release of LPS from dying Gram-negative bacteria, if this is a Gram-negative infection
2: to preserve normal flora, especially since immune cells are very specific, even more so than antibiotics |
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Term
| MINIMAL INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION (MIC) |
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Definition
| the lowest concentration that prevents microbial growth |
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Term
| the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) varies depending on... |
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Definition
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Term
| how the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is determined |
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Definition
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Term
| does finding the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tell you whether the antibiotic is bactericidal or bacteriostatic? |
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Definition
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Term
| After testing Tetracycline for the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), how could you determine whether it is bactericidal or bacteriostatic? |
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Definition
| Remove the antibiotic from the culture tubes and observe for growth. If it grows, it's bacteriostatic. If no growth, it's bactericidal. |
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Term
| the steps of Peptidoglycan synthesis |
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Definition
1: Precursors are made in the cytoplasm.
2: They are carried across the cell membrane by a lipid carrier: bactoprenol.
3: The precursors are polymerized to the existing cell wall structure by transglycosylases.
4: The peptide side chains are cross-linked by transpeptidases. |
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Term
| the 1st step of peptidoglycan synthesis |
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Definition
| Precursors are made in the cytoplasm. |
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Term
| the 2nd step of peptidoglycan synthesis |
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Definition
| Precursors are carried across the cell membrane by a lipid carrier: bactoprenol. |
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Term
| the 3rd step of peptidoglycan synthesis |
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Definition
| The precursors are polymerized to the existing cell wall structure by transglycosylases. |
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Term
| the 4th step of peptidoglycan synthesis |
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Definition
| The peptide side chains are cross-linked by transpeptidases. |
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Term
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Definition
| lipid carrier that carries peptidoglycan precursors across the cell membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| polymerizes peptidoglycan precursors to the existing cell wall structure |
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Term
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Definition
| the enzyme that cross-links the amino acids in peptidoglycan |
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Term
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Definition
| Ointment that stops Peptidoglycan synthesis at step 2 by preventing the bactoprenol from being carried across the cell membrane. |
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Term
| BACITRACIN is toxic if ingested, so how should it be used? |
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Definition
| It must be used topically on the dermis. |
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Term
| Staphylococcus aureus can cause ______ of the soft tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| Staphylococcus aureus can cause inflammation of the ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Does Staphylococcus aureus usually respond to penicillin? |
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Definition
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Term
| a type of Staphylococcus aureus that is a concern |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Methicillin (penicillin) resistant Staphylococcus aureus |
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Term
| Staphylococcus aureus usually responds to... |
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Definition
| penicillin-like drugs (Methicillin class) |
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Term
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Definition
| the gene “mecA” (Penicillin-binding protein) |
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Term
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Definition
| gene in MRSA that encodes mecA protein |
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Term
| how the mecA protein protects MRSA from penicillin |
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Definition
| it binds to penicillin so that penicillin cannot attack cell wall enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibits cell wall synthesis of Gram + bacteria only |
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Term
| Vancomycin's mode of action |
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Definition
| it binds to cell wall precursors and halts peptidoglycan synthesis at step 3, possibly by interfering with the transglycosylases such that they can't polymerize peptidoglycan precursors |
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Term
| a drug that can be used to treat MRSA infections |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Vancomycin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus |
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Term
| VRSA can only be treated with... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Treatment to sustain physiological well-being
-Fluids, pain killers, anti-inflammatory
-Not specific for the bacteria |
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Term
| the 4 basic forms of antibiotic resistance |
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Definition
Mechanism 1: Alter target.
Mechanism 2: Degrade antibiotic.
Mechanism 3: Modify antibiotic.
Mechanism 4: Pump antibiotic out of cell. |
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Term
| mechanism 1 of antibiotic resistance |
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Definition
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Term
| mechanism 2 of antibiotic resistance |
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Definition
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Term
| mechanism 3 of antibiotic resistance |
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Definition
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Term
| mechanism 4 of antibiotic resistance |
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Definition
| Pump antibiotic out of cell. |
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Term
| will an antibiotic resistance gene use more than one antibiotic resistance mechanism? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Mechanism 1: Alter target. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mechanism 2: Degrade antibiotic. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mechanism 3: Modify antibiotic. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mechanism 4: Pump antibiotic out of cell. |
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Term
| how microbes alter the target |
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Definition
-They modify the target so that it no longer binds the antibiotic.
-Mutations in ribosomal proteins confer resistance to streptomycin. |
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Term
| how microbes degrade the antibiotic |
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Definition
-They destroy the antibiotic before it gets into cell.
-The beta-lactamase enzyme specifically destroys penicillins. |
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Term
| ______ confer resistance to streptomycin. |
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Definition
| Mutations in ribosomal proteins |
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Term
| The ______ enzyme specifically destroys penicillins. |
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Definition
| beta-lactamase (or penicillinase) |
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Term
| The beta-lactamase enzyme specifically destroys ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| how beta-lactamase (or penicillinase) destroys penicillin |
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Definition
| it cleaves the beta-lactam ring of penicillins and cephalosporins |
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Term
| There are two types of penicillinases, based on... |
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Definition
| where the enzyme attacks the ring. |
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Term
| what both groups of penicillinases have in common |
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Definition
| a serine hydroxyl group launches a nucleophilic attack on the ring |
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Term
| how microbes modify antibiotics |
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Definition
| They add modifying groups that inactivate antibiotic. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aminoglycoside acetyltransferase (AAC) catalyzes acetyl-CoA dependent acetylation of an amino group. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aminoglycoside phosphotransferase (APH) catalyzes ATP-dependent phosphorylation (yellow) of a hydroxyl group. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aminoglycoside adenylyltransferase (ANT) catalyzes ATP-dependent adenylylation (yellow) of a hydroxyl group. |
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Term
| Aminoglycoside-inactivating enzymes |
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Definition
enzymes that inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics
-they help inactivate antibiotics |
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Term
| how microbes pump the antibiotic out of the cell |
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Definition
by using specific transporters and transport complexes
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| type of cell that uses a strategy similar to the one used to pump antibiotics out of the cell |
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Definition
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Term
| type of pump that pumps antibiotics out of the cell and is of particular concern |
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Definition
| multidrug resistance (MDR) efflux pumps |
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Term
| multidrug resistance (MDR) efflux pumps |
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Definition
found in Gram-negative bacteria, these efflux systems have promiscuous binding sites that can bind and pump a wide range of drugs out of the bacterial cell.
[image] |
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