Term
|
Definition
| a branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that revive messages and conduct impulse toward the cell body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a layer of fatty tissue segementally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed or neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travel down an axon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| like pushing an neurons acceleration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| like pushing the neurons brake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body or the receiving neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neurons, they travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the recieving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a neurotransmitter's re-absorption by the sending neuron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "morphine within"-natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enables muscle,action, learning, and memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| influences movement. learning, attention, and emotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| helps control alertness and arousal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a major inhibitory neurotransmitter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mimics neurotransmitter effects and can block the neurotransmitter's reuptake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| block a neurotransmitter's functioning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems |
|
|
Term
| central nervous system(CNS) |
|
Definition
| the brain and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| peripheral nervous system(PNS) |
|
Definition
| the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system(CNS) to the rest of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bundled axons that form neural 'cables' connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs(such as the heart). |
|
|
Term
| sympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
| the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations |
|
|
Term
| parasympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
| the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the brains neurons cluster into weak groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an information highway connecting the peripheral nervous system to the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys an secrete hormones(epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, this regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissue destruction. It is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue |
|
|
Term
| electroencephalogram(EEG) |
|
Definition
| an amplified recording of the waves of electrical that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp |
|
|
Term
| PET(positron emission tomography) scan |
|
Definition
| a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task |
|
|
Term
| MRI(magnetic resonance imaging) |
|
Definition
| a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. Shows brain antatomy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. Shows brain function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; it is responsibly for automatic survival functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem;it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres' associated with emotions and drives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a neural structure lying below(hypo) the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities(eating, drinking, boy temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is liked to emotion and reward |
|
|
Term
| reward deficiency syndrome |
|
Definition
| a genetically disposed deficiency in the natural brain systems for the pleasure and well-being that lead people to crave wherever provides that missing pleasure or relieves negative feelings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the two large hemispheres that contribute 85 percent of the brain's weight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and making plans and judgments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| portion of the cerebral corteex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from visual fields |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ears |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an area at the real of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| area at the front of the parietal loves that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary mortor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the formation of new neutrons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a conditoin resultinfrom sugery the isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers(mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them |
|
|
