Term
| Define within subjects design? |
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Definition
| Same people are compared under multiple conditions or at different points in time |
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Term
| define between subjects design? |
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Definition
| Different people are studied at different times |
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Term
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Definition
| Deciding if information about the study should be withheld so that the knowledge will not affect the outcome |
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Term
| define cross sectional study? |
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Definition
| Collecting data at one point in time |
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Term
| define longitudinal study? |
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Definition
| Gathering data at multiple points in time |
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Term
| who is the counter factual? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The difference between the intervention group and the controlgroup |
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Term
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Definition
| Evidence about relationships should come from multiple sources |
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Term
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Definition
| Several studies have the same level of statistical relationship |
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Term
| define biologic plausibility? |
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Definition
| evidence from basic physiologic studies show that a causal pathway is possible |
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Term
| what are the 3 components of the experimental design? |
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Definition
| Manipulation, control, randomization |
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Term
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Definition
| Researcher introduces some type of intervention |
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Term
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Definition
| Researcher makes a group that does not receive intervention |
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Term
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Definition
| Researcher assigned subjects to control group or intervention group randomly |
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Term
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Definition
| Manipulating two or more independent variables simultaneously |
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Term
| what is the main strength of factorial design? |
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Definition
| You combine treatments and test their efficacy |
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Term
| how are subjects assigned in factorial design? |
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Definition
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Term
| define cross over design? |
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Definition
| Exposing participants to more than one treatment |
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Term
| how is order of treatment assigned in crossover design? |
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Definition
| Participants are assigned treatment order at random |
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Term
| who is the control group in a cross over design? |
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Definition
| The participants are there own control because all treatments are randomized you |
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Term
| define the carryover effect? |
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Definition
| one treatment may affect another based on order (seen in crossover design) |
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Term
| define attention control conidition? |
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Definition
| Control group gets the researchers attention but not the active ingredient |
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Term
| define quasi-experiments? |
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Definition
| Control trials without randomization |
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Term
| what is the major advantage of quasi-experiments? |
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Definition
| They are practical, not always feasible to conduct true experiments |
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Term
| what is a major disadvantage of quasi-experiments? |
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Definition
| Causal inferences cannot be made as easily |
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Term
| define correlation in nonexperimental studies? |
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Definition
| Interrelationship or association between two variables, how one variation affects another variable, height and weight |
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Term
| define retrospective design in nonexperimental studies? |
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Definition
| Phenomenon observed in present is linked to phenomenon occurring in the past |
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Term
| define prospective design in not experimental studies? |
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Definition
| Start with the presumed cause and then go forward to a presumed effect |
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Term
| what is another name for prospective design? |
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Definition
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Term
| define case control design? |
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Definition
| Looks at disease compared to groups without disease, looks to find the cause |
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Term
| what is a major problem with case control design? |
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Definition
| The two groups are not respectable to all potential factors |
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Term
| all experimental studies are inherently prospective or retrospective? |
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Definition
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Term
| describe descriptive research? |
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Definition
| Observed, described and document aspects of a situation |
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Term
| define descriptive correlational studies? |
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Definition
| Describing relationships among variables, without attempting to infer connection |
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Term
| what is the major disadvantage of nonexperimental research? |
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Definition
| Inability to show causal relationships with assurance |
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Term
| what is the major advantage of correlational research? |
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Definition
| Efficient and effective means of collecting a large amount of data on the subject |
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Term
| which type of design (cross-sectional or longitudinal) are more persuasive? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the main advantage of cross-sectional design? |
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Definition
| They are economical and easy to manage |
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Term
| what is the main disadvantage of cross sectional design? |
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Definition
| Problems in inferring changes in trends over time |
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Term
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Definition
| Another name for longitudinal studies |
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Term
| what is the most serious challenge in longitudinal studies? |
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Definition
| Attrition, a loss of participants over time |
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Term
| define internal validity? |
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Definition
| The independent variable changes the dependent variable |
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Term
| define intevention fidelity? |
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Definition
| Taking steps to make sure the intervention is faithfully delivered |
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Term
| what is the main advantage of randomization? |
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Definition
| It controls all possible sources of variation |
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Term
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Definition
| When randomization is not possible, select only subjects that are the same with respect to a cofounding variable |
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Term
| what is the main problem with homegeneity? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Using information about subject characteristics to form comparable groups |
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Term
| what must you know beforehand with using matching? |
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Definition
| What the relavent confounders are |
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Term
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Definition
| Biases resulting from PRE existing differences between groups |
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Term
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Definition
| The occurrence of events concurrent with the independent variable that affects the dependent variable |
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Term
| define maturation threat? |
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Definition
| When changes arrive from time rather than the independent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| Large amount of attrtition in one group causes changes rather than the independent variable |
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Term
| define external validity? |
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Definition
| can the results be generalized |
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Term
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Definition
| Used in qualitative studies, research may ongoing decisions based on what is already learned |
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Term
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Definition
| merging various data collection strategies |
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Term
| qualitative research is always (experimenal or nonexperimental)? |
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Definition
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Term
| define collaboratorative research? |
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Definition
| Involve the research team with mixture of different skills |
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Term
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Definition
| A made-up term by the researcher to represent situations or behavior |
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Term
| what is the domain of ethnography? |
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Definition
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Term
| what discipline does ethnography come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the domain of philosophy? |
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Definition
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Term
| what discipline does phenomenology come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the domain of sociology? |
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Definition
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Term
| what discipline does grounded theory come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the central question of ethnography? |
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Definition
| what is the culture of this group of people? |
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Term
| Wht is the main assumption of ethnography? |
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Definition
| that culture guides the way people structure experiences |
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Term
| what is the central question of phenomenolgy? |
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Definition
| what is the meaning, strucutre, and essence of the lived expereinces of this phenomenon for this group of people |
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Term
| Define an emic perspective in ethnography? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define the etic perspective in ethnography? |
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Definition
| the outsiders view of the culture |
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Term
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Definition
| info about a culture that is so deeply ingrained they don't realize it |
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Term
| Define embodiment in phenomenology? |
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Definition
| being in the world. Acknowledges people's view of their won world |
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Term
| how large of a group does phenomenology use? |
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Definition
| A small group usually less than ten people |
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Term
| Define descriptive phenomonolgy? |
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Definition
| what do we know as people, finding the descriptionso fhte human experience |
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Term
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Definition
| researchers remain open to meanings attributed to the phenomen by the people who experienced it |
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Term
| Define interpreative phenomenology? |
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Definition
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Term
| define the hermeneutic circle? |
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Definition
| Understanding the whole in terms of its parts at its parts in terms of its whole |
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Term
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Definition
| Tries to account for people's actions from the persective of those involved |
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Term
| what method does does grounded theory use? |
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Definition
| Constant comparison, new data is compared to the data obtained earlier to see themes |
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Term
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Definition
| in-depth investigation of single entity or a small number of entities |
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Term
| what is grounded theory grounded in? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the central question asked in grounded theory? |
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Definition
| What are the underlying social forces or processes that shape human behavior |
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Term
| how many people are needed for a grounded theory study? |
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Definition
| More usually 20 to 40 people using in-depth interviews |
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Term
| define historical research? |
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Definition
| Systematically attempts to establish facts about the relationship from past events |
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Term
| define participatory action research? |
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Definition
| Produces knowledge through close collaboration with groups or communities that are vulnerable to control or oppression |
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Term
| define evaluation research? |
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Definition
| Examines how well a specific program, practice, procedure, or policy is working |
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Term
| what is the purpose of an implementation analysis in evaluation research? |
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Definition
| Does the program operate the way it's designed to |
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Term
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Definition
| Documents the extent to which the goal of the program is attained |
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Term
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Definition
| Identifies the net impacts of a program over the effects of the control group |
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Term
| define secondary analysis? |
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Definition
| The use of data gathered in previous studies to test new hypotheses or address previous questions |
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Term
| what is the main advantage of secondary analysis? |
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Definition
| It's efficient and economical |
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Term
| what is the main disadvantage of secondary data analysis? |
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Definition
| The analyst may not be aware of data quality problems |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs with secondary data analysis, if only there was a way to measure this |
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