Term
| The energy to build cells comes from chemical reactions such as... |
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Definition
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Definition
| breakdown of complex molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy |
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Definition
| building up of complex biomolecules from smaller precursors |
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Definition
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| some complex carbon sources for catabolism in microbes |
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Definition
-polysacs
-lipids
-peptides
-complex aromatic molecules |
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Term
| some examples of polysacs |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ are hydrolyzed to glucose |
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Definition
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Term
| polysacs are ______ to glucose |
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Definition
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Term
| polysacs are hydrolyzed to ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ are broken down to acetate. |
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Definition
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| Lipids are broken down to ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ are hydrolyzed to amino acids and then broken down to acetate, amines, and other molecules. |
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Definition
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Term
| Peptides are ______ to amino acids and then broken down to acetate, amines, and other molecules. |
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Definition
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Term
| Peptides are hydrolyzed to ______ and then broken down to acetate, amines, and other molecules. |
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Definition
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Term
| Peptides are hydrolyzed to amino acids and then broken down to ______. |
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Definition
| acetate, amines, and other molecules |
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Term
| some examples of a complex aromatic molecules |
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Definition
-lignins
-halogenated aromatic pollutants |
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Term
| ______ are broken down to acetate and other molecules. |
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Definition
| Complex aromatic molecules |
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Term
| Complex aromatic molecules are broken down to ______. |
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Definition
| acetate and other molecules |
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Term
| ______ are broken down by specific enzymes to disaccharides and then to monosaccharides such as glucose. |
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Definition
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Term
| Carbohydrates are broken down by specific enzymes to ______ and then to monosaccharides such as glucose. |
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Definition
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Term
| Carbohydrates are broken down by specific enzymes to disaccharides and then to ______. |
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Definition
| monosaccharides such as glucose |
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Term
| ______ are converted to pyruvate, which releases acetyl groups. |
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Definition
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Term
| Glucose and sugar acids are converted to ______, which releases acetyl groups. |
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Definition
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Term
| Glucose and sugar acids are converted to pyruvate, which releases ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ are also the breakdown products of fatty acids, amino acids, and complex aromatic plant materials such as lignin. |
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Definition
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Term
| Acetyl groups or acetate are also the breakdown products of ______. |
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Definition
| fatty acids, amino acids, and complex aromatic plant materials such as lignin |
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| fermentation products: acetate, ethanol, lactate, CO2, H2 |
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Term
| The major polysaccharide of lettuce and tomatoes is ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Humans can’t digest xyloglucans without... |
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Definition
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Term
| Lettuce xyloglucans are ______ polymers of D-glucose (Glc) with side chains of xylose (Xyl), galactose (Gal), and fucose (Fuc). In tomatoes, xyloglucan side chains also have arabinose (Ara). |
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Definition
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Term
| Lettuce xyloglucans are beta-linked polymers of ______ with side chains of xylose (Xyl), galactose (Gal), and fucose (Fuc). In tomatoes, xyloglucan side chains also have arabinose (Ara). |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Lettuce xyloglucans are beta-linked polymers of D-glucose (Glc) with side chains of ______. In tomatoes, xyloglucan side chains also have arabinose (Ara). |
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Definition
| xylose (Xyl), galactose (Gal), and fucose (Fuc) |
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Term
| Lettuce xyloglucans are beta-linked polymers of D-glucose (Glc) with side chains of xylose (Xyl), galactose (Gal), and fucose (Fuc). In ______, xyloglucan side chains also have arabinose (Ara). |
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Definition
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Term
| Lettuce xyloglucans are beta-linked polymers of D-glucose (Glc) with side chains of xylose (Xyl), galactose (Gal), and fucose (Fuc). In tomatoes, xyloglucan side chains also have ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Each type of xyloglucan requires a slightly different set of genes, called a... |
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Definition
| polysaccharide utilization locus (PUL). |
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Term
| polysaccharide utilization locus (PUL) |
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Definition
| set of genes used to digest xyloglucan |
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Term
|
Definition
| a common ancestral starch utilization system (SUS). |
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Term
| Most gut bacteria possess a number of PULs distributed around their genomes, showing evidence of... |
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Definition
| horizontal gene transfer. |
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Term
|
Definition
| synteny, evidence of descent from a common ancestor. |
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Term
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Definition
| evidence of descent from a common ancestor |
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Term
| Bacteroides share ______ with their community. |
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Definition
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Term
| Bacteroides share catabolic enzymes with their ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Some of the outer membrane of Bacteroides can pinch off to form ______. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Maltose sensor and regulator: transcriptional activation of the sus operon. |
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Definition
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| Why would it be advantageous for Bacteroides to share catabolism genes with other bacteria in the gut (ie. its competitors)? |
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Definition
| possible reasons
1: more small molecules available for Bacteroides, increasing the efficiency with which the xyloglucans are digested
2: host health; the bacteria want their host to remain healthy, because that's their envirinment |
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Term
| the 3 main routes by which Bacteria & Archaea catabolism of glucose occurs |
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Definition
1. Glycolysis or Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas Pathway (EMP)
2. Entner-Doudoroff Pathway (ED)
3. Pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) |
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Term
| the most common form of glycolysis |
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Definition
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|
Term
| where the EMP pathway occurs |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the EMP pathway functions in the presence or absence of O2? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the 2 stages of the 10 distinct reactions in the EMP pathway |
|
Definition
1: Glucose Activation Stage
2: Energy Yielding Stage |
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Term
| Peptidoglycan precursor in the EMP pathway |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Protein precursor (cysteine, glycine, serine) in EMP pathway |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ______ connects with the TCA cycle through pyruvate breakdown to acetyl-CoA and CO2. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Glucose catabolism connects with the ______ through pyruvate breakdown to acetyl-CoA and CO2. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Glucose catabolism connects with the TCA cycle through ______ to acetyl-CoA and CO2. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Glucose catabolism connects with the TCA cycle through pyruvate breakdown to ______. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is also known as... |
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Definition
| the Krebs cycle, or citric acid cycle. |
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Term
| In prokaryotes, the TCA cycle occurs in the... |
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Definition
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Term
| In eukaryotes, the TCA cycle occurs in the... |
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Definition
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Term
| In the ______, products of sugar breakdown can be catabolized to CO2 and H2O. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the TCA cycle, ______ can be catabolized to CO2 and H2O. |
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Definition
| products of sugar breakdown |
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Term
| In the TCA cycle, products of sugar breakdown can be ______ to CO2 and H2O. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the TCA cycle, products of sugar breakdown can be catabolized to ______. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the TCA cycle generates... |
|
Definition
| electron carriers NADH & FADH2 |
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Term
| Glucose catabolism generates ATP through... |
|
Definition
| substrate-level phosphorylation and the electron transport system’s pumping of H+ ions to drive the ATP synthase. |
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|
Term
| The complete oxidative breakdown of glucose to CO2 and H2O could theoretically generate up to ______ ATP. |
|
Definition
38
Under actual conditions, the number is smaller. |
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Term
|
Definition
glycolysis
glucose --> 2 pyruvate |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 4 e- carried via 2 NADH + 2H+ |
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Term
|
Definition
| 2 pyruvate --> 2 acetyl-CoA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| 4 e- carried via 2 NADH + 2H+ |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| 16 e- carried via 6 NADH + 6H+ and 2 FADH2 |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| the ED pathway is studied mostly in... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the ED pathway occurs in the... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The ED pathway enables intestinal bacteria to... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The ED pathway functions in the presence or absence of O2? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the ED pathway starts off with... |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| sugars with acidic side chains |
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|
Term
| the ED pathway starts off with glucose or sugar acids and forms... |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a sugar acid found in intestinal mucus |
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Term
|
Definition
| gluconate from mucus secretions. |
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|
Term
| ______ actually induces colonic production of the mucus. |
|
Definition
| Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron |
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|
Term
| Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron actually induces... |
|
Definition
| colonic production of the mucus. |
|
|
Term
| what happens to 6-phosphogluconate in the ED pathway? |
|
Definition
| it gets dehydrated and cleaved into Pyruvate and Glyceraldedyde-3-P |
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Term
| Glyceraldedyde-3-P can enter the EMP pathway to form... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-NADH transfers electrons to the electron transport chain
-NADPH is used for biosynthesis; Enzymes for amino acid biosynthesis use NADPH |
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Term
|
Definition
| it transfers electrons to the electron transport chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it is used for biosynthesis; Enzymes for amino acid biosynthesis use NADPH |
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|
Term
| PPP PATHWAY occurs in the ______ of the cell. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Can the PPP PATHWAY operate independently or at the same time as other pathways? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Does the PPP PATHWAY function in the presence or absence of O2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______, like the ED pathway, involves glucose 6-phosphate losing electrons to form NADPH. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The PPP pathway, like the ______, involves glucose 6-phosphate losing electrons to form NADPH. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The PPP pathway, like the ED pathway, involves ______ losing electrons to form NADPH. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The PPP pathway, like the ED pathway, involves glucose 6-phosphate ______ to form NADPH. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The PPP pathway, like the ED pathway, involves glucose 6-phosphate losing electrons to form ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______, w/loss of C as CO2 generates ribulose-5-phosphate, which in turn produces a series of sugars, which are precursor metabolites. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Oxidation by NADP+, w/loss of ______ generates ribulose-5-phosphate, which in turn produces a series of sugars, which are precursor metabolites. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Oxidation by NADP+, w/loss of C as CO2 generates ______, which in turn produces a series of sugars, which are precursor metabolites. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Oxidation by NADP+, w/loss of C as CO2 generates ribulose-5-phosphate, which in turn produces... |
|
Definition
| a series of sugars (precursor metabolites) |
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|
Term
| the electron transport chain generates... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the electron transport chain is composed of... |
|
Definition
| a series of membrane embedded electron carriers |
|
|
Term
| how the electron transport chain generates proton motive force |
|
Definition
| It accept electrons from NADH and FADH2 and passes electrons from one carrier to the next. |
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|
Term
| In the electron transport chain, energy is released as... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The three important uses of the PMF for a prokaryote |
|
Definition
-ATP synthesis
-active transport
-flagella rotation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| terminal electron acceptor |
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Term
|
Definition
| uses of proton motive force |
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Term
|
Definition
ATP synthase
(ATP synthesis) |
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Term
|
Definition
active transport
(one mechanism) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A place for electron carriers to drop off electrons other than the electron transport chain |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
a form of anaerobic catabolism that uses endogenous, organic electron acceptors
it produces ATP |
|
|
Term
| how fermentation helps produce Swiss cheese |
|
Definition
| 1: Lactobacillus ferments the milk sugar, lactose, into lactic acid.
2: Propionibacterium freudenreichii converts lactate to propionate, acetate, and CO2.
Concurrent fermentation of lactate and aspartate generates additional CO2, increasing the size and number of eyes. |
|
|
Term
| how the Phenol red broth test detects fermentation |
|
Definition
Phenol red turns yellow at low pH (acidic products from fermentation). Durham tube collects gas.
[image] |
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|
Term
| a way to use fermentation to detect pathogenic E. coli |
|
Definition
| Sorbitol fermentation test for pathogen E. coli O157:H7. White colonies (strain O157:H7) fail to ferment sorbitol, unlike red colonies (nonpathogenic E. coli). It uses McConkey agar.
[image] |
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|
Term
| E. COLI 0157: H7 is a lethal contaminant of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| E. COLI 0157: H7 contains ______ genes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the genes "normal" E. coli has that pathogenic E. coli doesnt |
|
Definition
| those for the enzymes to ferment sorbitol |
|
|
Term
| is Geobacter aerobic or anaerobic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Geobacter is “______-breathing” |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ oxidizes organic compounds to CO2, with iron being the final electron acceptor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Geobacter oxidizes organic compounds to CO2, with ______ being the final electron acceptor. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is also said to “produce electricity”. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| using microorganisms to reduce pollution. |
|
|
Term
| ______ used for removal of Uranium from water in Colorado. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Geobacter used for removal of ______ from water in Colorado. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how Geobacter helps remove uranium from water |
|
Definition
| It oxidizes acetate into CO2, reducing uranium in the process. The reduced uranium precipitates out of the water. |
|
|
Term
| Many bacteria that are utilized in bioremediation form biofilms. Why would that be important? |
|
Definition
| If you can get bacteria to stay at the site and get them to flourish there, you increase the chances of them staying there and removing the toxin from the environment. |
|
|
Term
| is Sulfolobus bacteria or archaea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sulfolobus is found in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| example of a Thermoacidophile |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sulfolobus has biotechnology applications due to ______ at high temp & low pH. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sulfolobus has biotechnology applications due to enzyme stability at ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hydrogen sulfide oxidized to sulfuric acid |
|
|
Term
| example of an organism that does sulfur oxidation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Microbial sulfur oxidation can cause... |
|
Definition
| severe environmental acidification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the harnessing of photo-excited electrons to power cell growth |
|
|
Term
| Most of Earth’s photosynthetic production, especially in the oceans, comes from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| composition of Bacteriorhodopsin |
|
Definition
-seven alpha helices that span the membrane in alternating directions and...
-surround a molecule of retinal, which is linked to...
-a lysine residue
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens when BACTERIORHODOPSIN absorbs light? |
|
Definition
| 1: A photon is absorbed by retinal, which shifts its configuration from trans to cis.
2: Change causes proton pick-up.
3: The relaxation back to the trans form is coupled to pumping 1H+ across the membrane. |
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|
Term
| The proton gradient generated using bacteriorhodopsin drives... |
|
Definition
| ATP synthesis by a typical F1Fo ATP synthase |
|
|
Term
| To maximize light absorption organisms may pack their entire cell membrane with ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| composition of the "purple membrane" of bacteriorhodopsin |
|
Definition
trimers of bacteriorhodopsin packed in hexagonal arrays
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| polysaccharide utilization locus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| starch utilization system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Metabolic cooperation between two different species |
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|
