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Psych Exam 4
Module 35
61
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
05/04/2014
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Term
A sense of one's ability to competently perform a task is called
 Definition
self-efficacy
Term
Analena's refusal to purchase fattening snacks at the grocery store is both a cause and a consequence of her superior dietary self-control. This best illustrates the importance of
 Definition
reciprocal determinism
Term
Sigmund Freud explained personality in terms of unconscious motivations, whereas ________ described personality in terms of enduring traits.
 Definition
Gordon Allport
Term
Exaggerated feelings of self-importance are most closely linked with
 Definition
narcissism
Term
Our personalities influence the extent to which we expose ourselves to specific environmental influences. This best illustrates
 Definition
reciprocal determinism
Term
Because she is often rejected by her parents, Sally mistrusts other people and treats them with hostility, which leads to their rejection of her. This cycle of rejection, mistrust, hostility, and further rejection illustrates what is meant by
 Definition
reciprocal determinism
Term
Many North American parents want to pick names for their children that sound unique or are spelled in an unusual way. This desire best illustrates one of the consequences of
 Definition
individualism
Term
People who describe themselves as outgoing may also say they like excitement and practical jokes. This cluster of behavior tendencies that occur together reflects a basic
 Definition
factor
Term
Compared with those having high self-esteem, individuals with low self-esteem are likely to
 Definition
feel anxious and lonely
Term
A criticism of social-cognitive theories has been that they
 Definition
underestimate the importance of enduring personality traits
Term
Jeremy consistently attributes his poor work performance to his own incompetence. This most clearly indicates that he experiences a low level of
 Definition
self-efficacy
Term
Trait theorists would be most likely to highlight the impact of our biologically inherited ________ on personality
 Definition
temperament
Term
Medical students earn higher grades if they have a clear vision of themselves as successful doctors. This best illustrates the motivational significance of
 Definition
possible selves
Term
Personality is best defined as an individual's
 Definition
characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
Term
Which of the following Big Five trait dimensions is most descriptive of an individual who is organized and disciplined in managing his or her work?
 Definition
conscientiousness
Term
When Professor McKay nervously began teaching a university class for the first time, he overestimated the extent to which his students would notice that he was anxious. His reaction best illustrates
 Definition
the spotlight effect
Term
Mark typically responds to stress in a calm and thoughtful manner. Chandler usually becomes agitated. The reactions of Mark and Chandler indicate that each has a distinctive
 Definition
personality
Term
Which perspective most clearly emphasizes the interactive influences of traits and situations on human behavior?
 Definition
social-cognitive perspective
Term
Evidence that our traits persist over time and across different settings is of greatest relevance to
 Definition
the person-situation controversy
Term
Social roles are especially likely to be central to people's self-identity in ________ cultures
 Definition
collectivist
Term
Trait theorists have been criticized for
 Definition
overestimating the consistency of behavior from one situation to another
Term
People who score high on the Big Five trait dimension of ________ tend to use more adjectives in their e-mail communications
 Definition
extraversion
Term
Jeremiah accepts himself as he is without being strongly affected by how others evaluate him. Jeremiah most clearly demonstrates
 Definition
secure self-esteem
Term
In a collectivist culture, individuals are likely to avoid
 Definition
embarrassing other people
Term
In convincing people that they can accurately assess their personalities, astrologers, palm readers, and graphologists take advantage of
 Definition
the Barnum effect
Term
Which of the following is said to function as an organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors?
 Definition
the self
Term
Which personality theories emphasize reciprocal determinism?
 Definition
social-cognitive
Term
A highly anxious and insecure personality illustrates the Big Five trait dimension of
 Definition
neuroticism
Term
Merri is a very kind and compassionate person who gives generously to others who are in need. She most clearly ranks high on the Big Five trait dimension known as
 Definition
agreeableness
Term
Impressions of just a few seconds of a teacher's expressive style are consistent with impressions of the teacher's expressive style over an entire semester. This best illustrates the importance of
 Definition
traits
Term
Self-esteem refers to
 Definition
our feelings of high or low self-worth
Term
Self-confidence that is easily punctured by criticism is most indicative of
 Definition
defensive self-esteem
Term
The tendency to accept more personal responsibility for one's successes than for one's failures best illustrates
 Definition
self-serving bias
Term
As personality descriptions become more positive, the Barnum effect becomes stronger. This best illustrates
 Definition
self-serving bias
Term
In some ways, each of us is just like everyone else. This fact enables astrologers to effectively make use of a technique known as
 Definition
the stock spiel
Term
The use of negative-emotion words in text messaging is best predicted by the Big Five trait of
 Definition
neuroticism
Term
In national surveys, most business executives say they are more ethical than their average counterpart. This best illustrates
 Definition
self-serving bias
Term
If children's positive self-esteem is largely a consequence rather than a cause of their successful accomplishments, parents would be best advised to enable their children to
 Definition
effectively surmount challenges and achieve success
Term
Kelsey is consistently optimistic, talkative, and impulsive. Each of these characteristics most clearly represents a
 Definition
trait
Term
Which of the following is true of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory?
 Definition
It is an empirically derived test
Term
An interest in describing and classifying the many ways in which individuals may differ from one another is most characteristic of ________ theories
 Definition
trait
Term
People with high self-esteem are LESS likely than those with low self-esteem to
 Definition
give in to conformity pressures
Term
One would not observe unusually high rates of divorce in cultures that promote
 Definition
collectivism
Term
A coach who convincingly extols the superior strength of upcoming opponents makes a victory appear ________ praiseworthy and a loss appear ________ understandable
 Definition
more; more
Term
The use of personal pronouns in text messaging is best predicted by the Big Five trait of
 Definition
extraversion
Term
Interdependence is to ________ as independence is to ________
 Definition
collectivism; individualism
Term
In a collectivist culture, individuals are likely to avoid
 Definition
embarrassing other people
Term
When people compare their personal qualities with those of the average person, they are most likely to experience
 Definition
high self-esteem
Term
During adulthood, people's level of openness tends to ________ slightly and their level of agreeableness tends to ______.
 Definition
decrease; increase
Term
Because people are biopsychosocial organisms, the study of personality most clearly benefits from the use of
 Definition
multiple levels of analysis
Term
Features of ________ have been observed to be common among people from a wide variety of nations
 Definition
the Big Five traits
Term
Over the last few years, Mr. Helmus has been obsessed with bizarre thoughts and has become increasingly agitated and socially withdrawn. Which of the following would be most helpful for assessing the nature and severity of his symptoms?
 Definition
the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Term
Our motivation to achieve success and avoid failure is most directly influenced by our
 Definition
possible selves
Term
Compared with those in cultures that value individualism, people in collectivist cultures are especially likely to value personal
 Definition
humility
Term
Collectivism is most likely to be emphasized in
 Definition
China
Term
Compared with those having high self-esteem, individuals with low self-esteem are likely to
 Definition
feel anxious and lonely
Term
Which of the following is a basic personality factor assessed by the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire?
 Definition
extraversion–introversion
Term
Psychologists assess a wide range of emotional and behavioral traits by means of
 Definition
personality inventories
Term
To identify a relatively small number of the most basic personality traits, trait theorists have used
 Definition
factor analysis
Term
Research participants were most likely to react aggressively to criticism of their written essays if they experienced ________ self-esteem
 Definition
unrealistically high
Term
Evidence of the impact of biology on personality traits includes the fact that
 Definition
extraverts seek stimulation because their normal brain arousal is relatively low
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