Term
| 2 classes of effects of paradsitoids on hosts |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 families within the order Diptera that are especially well represented by parasitoids |
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Definition
-Tachinidae
-Sarcophagidae |
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Term
| 2 feeding approaches used by insects |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 forms of development in invertebrates |
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Definition
-Complete (holometabolous)
-Incomplete (hemimetabolous) |
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Term
| A good example of the use of predators for augmentative biological control |
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Definition
| the use of predatory mites, often phytoseids, for control of mites and thrips in greenhouse pest management |
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Term
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Definition
Males (from unfertilized eggs) develop as hyperparasitoids of conspecific (or sometimes other species) females; also referred to as heteronomous parasitoids; Aphelinidae
This refers to an odd form of arrhenotoky where males develop as hyperparasitoids on females of their own or another species. These parasitoids are also referred to as heteronomous parasitoids. |
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Term
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Definition
Females arise from fertilized eggs, males from unfertilized
this is the most common form of parthenogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
| The action of parasites, predators, or pathogens in maintaining another organism’s population density at a lower average than would occur in their absence |
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Term
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Definition
| Parasitizes host previously parasitized by another parasitoid species; displaces previous parasitoid |
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Term
| Complete (holometabolous) metamorphosis |
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Definition
-they have complete development through 4 istages
-have an egg, larval, pupal and adult stage |
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Term
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Definition
-Parasitoid of caterpillars
-Responds to plant volatiles
-This is a wasp in the family Braconidae. It has a fairly broad host range within the lepidopteran (moth) family Noctuidae. It attacks young caterpillars, and allows them to continue developing (it is a koinobiont). This parasitoid is native to the United States and is a valuable biological control agent. It is highly responsive to volatile chemical cues, and has been heavily studied for this trait. |
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Term
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Definition
this is another form of parthenogenesis
This is rather vague and it’s unclear if it is a separate classification in reality, or merely a more extreme form of arrhenotokous. In this case, males are produced relatively rarely compared to females. |
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Term
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Definition
| Male on one host, female on another |
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Term
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Definition
| feeding on a wide variety of prey |
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Term
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Definition
| Develops in or on life stages of another parasitoid; may be secondary or tertiary parasitoids, and may be facultative or obligate |
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Term
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Definition
Host ceases to feed, grow or metamorphose after parasitism; or non-growing host stages parasitized; makes do
In this case the parasitoid causes the host to stop feeding and growing. In most cases the parasitoid paralyzes its host and the offspring must use the resources that are available at the time of oviposition. |
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Term
| Incomplete (hemimetabolous) metamorphosis |
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Definition
-incomplete development through 3 stages
-have only 3 stages, egg, nymphal and adult |
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Term
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Definition
After parasitism the host continues to feed, grow, and metamorphose to a certain point, when the host is killed
This refers to parasitoids that allow their host to continue to grow after oviposition. In this case, females allocate offspring to hosts not on the basis of what is currently available, but rather on the basis of what they anticipate becoming available during the lifespan of the offspring. At some point then, the offspring themselves will kill the host. |
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Term
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Definition
| develop entirely within the host larvae |
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Term
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Definition
| Restricted to single species, genus, or family |
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Term
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Definition
| Subjective term; typically means that the parasitoid has a limited host range but is not tightly restricted to just one or a few species |
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Term
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Definition
| Attacks variety of host taxa (usually multiple families or orders) |
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Term
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Definition
| An animal that eats more than one other animal during its life |
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Term
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Definition
| develop individually within the host |
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Term
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Definition
| focusing on one or a limited number of species |
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Term
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Definition
| Host is infested by more parasitoids of the same species than the host can adequately support, in some cases resulting in total parasitoid death |
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Term
| The five generally accepted steps in the parasitoid foraging behavior paradigm |
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Definition
1) location of host habitat
2) location of hosts within the habitat
3) acceptance of the host for egg laying
4) the suitability of hosts for development of the parasitoid
5) in some cases the parasitoid has to manipulate the host to make it suitable for offspring development |
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Term
| The landmark example of the use of predators in classical or importation biological control |
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Definition
| the use of the vedalia beetle to control cottony cushion scale, thereby saving the citrus industry at the time. |
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Term
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Definition
Females arise from unfertilized eggs
this is another form of parthenogenesis, and in this case males are essentially nonexistent, and daughters are produced without fertilization by unmated females
Most cases of this form of sex determination appear to be related to infections of sex modifying bacteria such as Wolbachia. |
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Term
| an example of conservation biocontrol |
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Definition
| Effect of Conservation Strips on the Abundance and Distribution of Natural Enemies and Predation of Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Golf Course Fairways |
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Term
| an example of how symbiotic bacteria can confer resistance to certain parasitoids |
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Definition
| the pea aphid and its parasitoid Aphidius ervi |
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Term
| an example of physical attacks |
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Definition
| Copidosompsis tanytmemus attacking moth eggs
This is a polyembryonic species that typically lays a single egg from which hundreds of larvae eventually develop. But one subset of those larvae becomes a group of defenders that aggressively attack and destroy any other parasitoids that try to develop in the host. These defenders will never become adults, but will spend their entire short lives defending their siblings within the host. This is a particularly interesting system because of its ramifications for genetic control of development. All of the siblings are clones of one another, yet one small group is directed to become defenders, whereas the majority go on to become normal wasps. |
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Term
| an example of the inoculative augmentation approach to biological control |
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Definition
| the use of Encarsia, which are parasitoids of white flies |
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Term
| an example of the inundative augmentation approach to biological control |
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Definition
| Trichogramma wasps are used worldwide on a variety of crops, and some of these include corn, sugarcane, cotton, vegetables, tree fruits, etc. In fact, they are the most widely used egg parasitoid in the world, and about 30 million hectares of land are treated annually with these little wasps. |
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Term
| an example of using inhibitory secretions to reduce the suitability of hosts for subsequent parasitoids |
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Definition
| In a few cases, such as that of the fruit fly parasitoid Leptopilina heterotoma, the developing larvae within the host produce inhibitory secretions that essentially poison their competitors. |
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Term
| an example of using oxygen depletion to reduce the suitability of hosts for subsequent parasitoids |
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Definition
| depleting the oxygen to such a level that competitors suffocate, as is the case of the parasitoid Horogenes chrysostictos against it’s competitor Nemeritis canescens |
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Term
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Definition
| Augmentation is, as the word suggests refers to adding more individuals of the natural enemy to supplement those already present. Augmentation can be through inoculative releases, where a few individuals are released at a critical time or season; or through inundative releases, where millions of individuals are released. |
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Term
| augmentation is conducted by... |
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Definition
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Term
| classes of parasitoids based on the host stage utilized |
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Definition
-egg parasitoid
-larval parasitoid
-egg-larval parasitoid |
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Term
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Definition
| Conservation deals with protecting and encouraging the existing natural enemies in an environment, through various means like providing food sources, nesting or breeding spots, and avoiding or reducing chemical interventions. |
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Term
| conservation is conducted by... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| depiction of parasitoids related to trophic levels |
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Definition
[image]
We typically have a basal host that is an herbivore. This herbivore is attacked by a primary parasitoid. But primary parasitoids can themselves be attacked by parasitoids which can be referred to as secondary parasitoids. These in turn on occasion may be attacked by another trophic level of parasitoids, which are termed tertiary parasitoids. |
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Term
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Definition
| develop on the outside of the host |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| lay their eggs inside of host eggs, and complete the development inside the egg |
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Term
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Definition
| I think this refers to parasitoids capable of spanning multiple life stages |
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Term
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Definition
| develop on the inside of the host |
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Term
| environmental friendliness of augmentation |
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Definition
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Term
| environmental friendliness of conservation |
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Definition
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Term
| environmental friendliness of importation |
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Definition
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Term
| example of the conservation approach to biological control |
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Definition
| reducing the use of pesticides to allow Cotesia to control beet armyworm |
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Term
| example of the importation approach to biological control |
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Definition
| the encyrtid wasp Apoanagyrus lopezi was introduced from the Americas to Africa to combat Cassava mealybug, which was a severe pest on cassava
IT WORKED! |
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Term
| four approaches used with Encarsia as an augmentative biological control agent |
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Definition
1: “Pest in first” – deliberately release whiteflies
2: “Dribble method” – Start introducing wasps at planting to have wasps in place when pests arrive
3: “Banker plants” – Establish wasps on other plants that already have infestations; allow wasps to move to new infestations
4: Inundative releases: Repeated releases of large numbers of parasitoids |
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Term
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Definition
| develop in groups within a host |
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Term
| how endocrine interactions can be used by parasitoids to regulate hosts |
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Definition
| Parasitoids are also capable of modifying endocrine interactions with the host, affecting the ability of the host to develop, utilize food resources, and in some cases the parasitoid is able to usurp the hosts hormones for its own development. The hormonal interactions between parasitoids in the hosts have not been worked out in great detail as of yet, there are clear indications that these relationships are quite complex. |
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Term
| how parasitoids can use physiological suppression to reduce the suitability of hosts for subsequent parasitoids |
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Definition
-Oxygen depletion
-Inhibitory secretions |
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Term
| how parasitoids can use viruses for host regulagtion |
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Definition
| Viruses can contribute to specificity or breadth of host range |
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Term
| how sustainable augmentation is |
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Definition
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Term
| how sustainable conservation is |
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Definition
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Term
| how sustainable importation is |
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Definition
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Term
| how the response of the host can help the parasitoid decide on the suitability of the host |
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Definition
-If the host exhibits a very vigorous defensive response, then the parasitoid gets very excited and recognizes that this is a healthy host and will attack it.
-If the pest response is subdued or nonexistent, and parasitoid use this test will reject the host. |
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Term
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Definition
| Importation is also called “classical biological control”. Importation involves introduction of natural enemies from a different locality, or country to a place where they do not occur naturally and this is done to control a pest that might have been accidentally introduced to a new area. This can be a long and cumbersome process. It involves searching for the origin of the pest in question, and then extensive exploration to determine if any natural enemies are present. Then those natural enemies are collected and brought into the required country, where they are placed in quarantine and undergo several rigorous testing procedures to ensure their safety to the environment, before being ultimately released. |
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Term
| importation is conducted by... |
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Definition
| International, Federal, State agencies (later, farmers help) |
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Term
| in augmentation, the natural enemy cones from... |
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Definition
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Term
| in conservation, the natural enemy cones from... |
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Definition
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Term
| in importation, the natural enemy cones from... |
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Definition
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Term
| inundative releases in augmentative biological control |
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Definition
| large numbers of parasitoids are released and this is done in certain conditions, as when the cropping season is too short for the population to develop, or the host (whitely) or the plant are not suitable. This method is most common in ornamental crops. |
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Term
| location of adult parasites |
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Definition
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Term
| location of adult parasitoids |
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Definition
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Term
| location of adult predators |
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Definition
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Term
| location of immature parasites |
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Definition
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Term
| location of immature parasitoids |
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Definition
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Term
| location of immature predators |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
a single egg yields a single embryo
this is characteristic of most parasitoids |
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Term
| multiple parasitism regarding parasitoids |
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Definition
| parasitoids of different species successfully completing development within the same host |
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Term
| number of host a parasite has |
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Definition
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Term
| number of host a parasitoid has |
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Definition
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Term
| number of host a predator has |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| virgin females are capable of reproducing |
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Term
| picture of Cotesia marginiventris |
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Definition
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Term
| pictures of Green Lacewing (Family Chrysopidae) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| multiple embryos are produced by single egg |
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Term
| size of parasite relative to its host |
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Definition
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Term
| size of parasitoid relative to its host |
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Definition
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Term
| size of predator relative to its host |
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Definition
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Term
| some details about Green Lacewing (Family Chrysopidae) |
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Definition
Our bug of the day is a very important natural enemy in many crop systems. They typically lay individual eggs, but they may also be clumped in some species. Eggs of nearly all species are laid on stalks, presumably to reduce predation risks. The larvae are very active predators of aphids and other soft-bodied insects. The last instar larva spins a small circular cocoon in which it pupates.
Here we have an image of a larva feeding on an aphid on the left, and the adult on the right. These are green lacewings. Adults of many of the common species are not predators, but there are many species that are predatory as larvae and as adults. A few species are available commercially and are used in biological control programs. |
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Term
| some details about the family Mantispidae |
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Definition
-Mantispidae are fairly specialized on spider egg cases.
-The female lays masses of eggs as shown here on the stem, in the newly hatched larvae make their way to spider a cases.
-They enter the egg case before molting to the next life stage, which has reduced legs.
-They spend their entire immature life in the host egg case.
-The close relationship of Mantispidae with spiders, and specialized larval stages for survival in the host egg case have suggested to some that they should be classified as parasitoids.
-Others have argued that they are essentially specialized predators because each immature mantispid must consume multiple prey to complete its development. |
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Term
| some details about the order Coleoptera |
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Definition
-contains beetles in the families Meloidae, Carabidae, and Staphylinidae
-Among the beetles there are several families that have representatives with parasitoid lifestyles. One that has been used in biological control programs is a subfamily in the family Carabidae, the subfamily Lebiinae, which includes beetles that are parasitoids of leaf beetles, including the Colorado potato beetle.
-An interesting group of parasitoids is found in the family Meloidae, which are commonly known as the blister beetles.
-The adults of all species are known to be plant feeders, whereas larvae are either parasitic or predaceous. The parasitoids attack ground-nesting bees.
-The eggs are typically laid on the ground, and the larvae are active triungulins that go hunting for hosts, or bait the hosts, as the cluster of triungulins shown here is mimicking a bee and when a male becomes to mate with it, instead finds himself crawling with triungulins that he carries back to the nest. |
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Term
| some details about the order Diptera |
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Definition
-Flies
-Various families (Tachinidae, Sarcophagidae)
-in Georgia in the southeastern United States in general, in the past few years parasitoids in the family Phoridae have become quite notorious; within this family, several species of fly have been released in the region for biological control of the fire ant; these are the so-called decapitating flies |
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Term
| some details about the order Hymenoptera |
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Definition
-Bees, ants wasps
-Numerous families
-largest group of parasitoids
-most important group
-contains the largest number of parasitoids
-most important in biological control of the parasitoids, at least numerically
-This is a very large order both taxonomically and biologically, with very diverse organisms that comprise bees, ants, and wasps |
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Term
| some details about the order Neuroptera |
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Definition
-sometimes included among the parasitoids
-has a single family exhibiting such behavior (Mantispidae) |
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Term
| some details about the order Strepsiptera |
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Definition
-Twisted-wing parasite
-a small one that is entirely made up of parasitoid, although some are closer to being true parasites
-relatively small order of just a few hundred species, but they are very odd parasitoids
-They attack bees, wasps, various leaf hoppers and plant hoppers, and a few other species
-Females are wingless and live their lives inside the host, typically protruding from the host body as they mature and become fully reproductive
-Adults, on the other hand, emerge from the host with wings and are quite bizarre looking
-The females produce a large number of offspring, in the form of functional larvae rather than eggs. These larvae are referred to as triungulins, and they actively leave the mother’s body and search out new hosts |
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Term
| some details about the parasitoid group Aphelinidae |
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Definition
-Tiny parasitoids of aphids, whiteflies, scales
-Valuable biological control agents
-Wild biologies
-The Aphelinidae is a family of about 2,000 species of tiny parasitoids that typically attack aphids, whiteflies, and scales. In this role they have been extremely valuable in biological control, as these host groups are also important pests in many systems. Some are also important enemies in eggs of Lepidoptera and Orthoptera, and in eggs, larvae, and pupae of Diptera. They have some very intriguing biologies. There are both ecto- and endoparasitoids in the family. It is in this family where we find the heteronomous parasitoids – those species in which males are hyperparasitoids of females of their own or another aphelinid species. In some species males and females develop on the same species, with males as ectoparasitoids and females are endoparasitoids |
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Term
| some details about the parasitoid group Braconidae |
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Definition
-Very large and important group with diversity of habits and host ranges
-Another very large family (estimated 60-100,00 species) of parasitoids ( a few phytophagous species), and one that is very important in biological control. Braconids attack a wide range of hosts in the Holometabola (mostly larval stages, but some pupae and adults, as well), but also in the Hemiptera, and hyperparasitism is very rare in this family. Some species are enemies of important natural enemies, such as lady beetles and lacewings. Members of this family spin cocoons at the time of pupation.
-Resemble Ichneumonids (same superfamily)
-Key character is only one recurrent vein in wing
-Distinguishing between Ichneumonids and Braconids is about the veins in the forewings. Whereas Ichneumonidae have two recurrent veins, Braconidae only have one. |
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Term
| some details about the parasitoid group Carabidae |
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Definition
-Huge family of beetles, parasitoids (Lebiinae) of leaf beetles
-First abdominal sternum divided by hind coxae, and large hind trochanters
-The family Carabidae is a huge group with very diverse biologies, ranging from predation to parasitism to herbivory. One family, the Lebiinae, contains parasitoids of beetles in the family Chrysomelidae (the leaf beetles). Adults of these parasitoid species are predators. Some are useful parasitoids and predators of Chrysomelid pests, such as the Colorado potato beetle and the Altica flea beetle. Carabids can be distinguished by the progressive narrowing from abdomen to thorax to head, and by the large “jelly-bean” like trochanters on the legs, and the subdivision of the first abdominal segment on the underside by the hind coxae. |
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Term
| some details about the parasitoid group Chalcididae |
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Definition
-Diverse hosts, some hyperparasitoids, superparasitism common
-Chalcidids are interesting parasitoids that attack a wide variety of insect and spider hosts, although most are parasitoids of Lepidoptera. A number of species are hyperparasitoids, and superparasitism in the group is rather common, as females exhibit limited powers of host discrimination. They tend to attack only host larvae or pupae. There are about 2,000 estimated species. |
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Term
| some details about the parasitoid group Charipidae |
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Definition
-Hyperparasitoids of aphid parasitoids
-Smooth, shiny body,
-Abdomen laterally compressed,
-Very small wasps
-This family is essentially specialized as hyperparasitoids of parasitoids attacking Homopteran pests (aphids and Psylloids), and can be very disruptive to biological control programs against these pests. Their primary targets are Braconidae, Aphelinidae, and Encyrtidae, which we will discuss later. |
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Term
| some details about the parasitoid group Chrysididae |
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Definition
-Beautiful, metallic colors, often curled into ball when dead
-Body strongly sculptured, sclerotized
-Attack sphecoid and vespoid wasps
-Many are cleptoparasites
-These gorgeous wasps are heavily sclerotized, meaning what? They often curl into a ball when dead or disturbed. This is a defensive response. These wasps are paarsitoids of sphecoid and vespoid wasps, such as paper wasps and mud daubers. These hosts have strong defensive tools, and the Chrysidids, commonly called cuckoo wasps, are heavily armored and when attacked roll into a ball, making themselves impervious to attack. Many species are cleptoparasites, stealing the food that is placed in the host cells by the provisioning mother, and consuming the host larva to boot. Their theft of food for the host larva is why they are called cuckoo wasps, similar to the action of the cuckoo bird. |
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Term
| some details about the parasitoid group Encyrtidae |
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Definition
-Important parasitoids of scales and other Homopterans
-Some hyperparasitoids, polyembryony
-These small parasitoids have been used in a number of biological control programs against scales and other Homopteran pests, as well other pests, such as gypsy moth. Some species also attack other natural enemies (such as lady beetles and lacewings). Some species are hyperparasitoids. Polyembryony is also found in this group (the Subfamily Copidosomatini), including the looper parasitoid we discussed in the last lecture, where a single egg may yield more than a thousand parasitoids, and a small subset of the larvae are defender morphs that defend their siblings from competitors, but never become adult wasps. All known species are endoparatisoids of various life stages (eggs, larvae, nymphs, pupae). The adults of these wasps are characterized by an abdominal “smile” created by a pulling forward of the abdominal sclerites on the sides.
-Look for the abdominal “smile” |
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Term
| some details about the parasitoid group Eulophidae |
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Definition
-Very diverse group; Some hyperparasitoids; Some phytophagous
-Look for 4 tarsal segments
-Very diverse family of about 5,000 species that has also been used with success in biological control. Most are primary parasitoids of (often concealed) larvae Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera (although other orders also are attacked by some species), but some species are phytophagous, and others attack egg stages of their hosts. They have been reared from many hosts worldwide, and have been particularly useful in biological control of leafmining flies. |
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Term
| some details about the parasitoid group Evaniidae |
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Definition
-Abdomen attached high on thorax
-Roach egg parasitoids/ predators
-Strongly petiolate, triangular abdomen
-Evaniids are fascinating wasps that attack egg cases of cockroaches. They attack the egg cases before they harden, typically laying just one or a few eggs in the egg case. The first larval instar is a true parasitoid, but after it molts, it becomes a predator, consuming most or all of the remaining eggs in the egg case. The adults have long legs for running, and are called ensign wasps because of their rapid up-and-down movement of the abdomen that resembles a signal flag. These wasps are very distinctive, with their abdomens attached high up on the thorax, and a small triangular abdomen attached by a very petiolate propodeum. |
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Term
| some details about the parasitoid group Ichneumonidae |
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Definition
-Very large and important group with diversity of habits and host ranges: all parasitoids
-This is a huge family of parasitoids, with an estimated 100-200,000 species. The hosts of this family tend to be concentrated on larval and pupal stages of the Holometabola, or those insects with complete development. Some species attack spider egg cases, and some are egg-larval parasitoids. Some species are very important natural enemies of pests, others are hyperparasitoids, and others attack other beneficial species. Some species have extreme morphologies, such as the Megarhyssa shown here, which attacks woodboring beetles. The primitive groups are ectoparasitoids, while endoparasitism dominates in advanced taxa.
-Females often have exserted ovipositors
-Distinguishing character is second recurrent vein in wing
-Ichneumonids have a rather distinctive form, but are similar to another large family, the Braconidae, to which they are related. Differentiating these two species is done be examining the wing veins. Ichneumonidae have two recurrent veins, forming a cell |
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Term
| some details about the parasitoid group Meloidae |
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Definition
-Blister beetles; often find adults on flowers
-Prothorax narrower than head and abdomen
-Another group of parasitoids among the beetles is the Family Meloidae. These are interesting beetles that can induce blister formation with their defensive secretions. Unlike the Carabidae, the thorax of these beetles is narrower than the head.
-Blister beetle adults are plant feeders (some pests)
-Immature stages (triungulin) attack hosts, such as bees and wasps, or grasshoppers
-I showed you these slides in the last lecture. Blister beetles are herbivorous as adults, and some are serious crop pests. The initial immature stage is referred to as the triungulin, and they actively seek or bait hosts, which are ground-nesting bees. |
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Term
| some details about the parasitoid group Mymaridae |
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Definition
-Very tiny egg parasitoids
-Especially important against true bugs
-These are extremely tiny egg parasitoids, and the family is estimated to consist of about 1,500 to 2,000 species. All are egg parasitoids, mostly of eggs that are concealed or inserted into plant tissues (Hemiptera), but also some Coleoptera are known hosts. They have been used in some biological control programs, but most host relationships are poorly known. |
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Term
| some details about the parasitoid group Sarcophagidae |
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Definition
-Large and diverse family, many parasitoids
-Lack subscutellum; often have red on abdomen; most larviporous
-Often have checkerboard pattern on abdomen
-A subset of these flies are parasitoids, mostly on Orthoptera and Lepidoptera. This family has very diverse biologies, including among the parasitoid species. Some species use phonotaxis (sound orienting) to locate their cicada hosts. |
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Term
| some details about the parasitoid group Scelionidae |
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Definition
-Very tiny egg
parasitoids
-Body heavily sclerotized and usually smooth and shiny
-Valuable group in biological control. Estimated at about 7,000 species in the family. No known hyperparasitoids in the family, and they concentrate on eggs of a variety of insects and spiders. For example, several species are very effective parasitoids of green lacewing eggs, and can seriously hamper use of green lacewings in biological control. Others have been used quite effectively in biological control programs against bug pests and Lepidopteran pests. |
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Term
| some details about the parasitoid group Tachinidae |
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Definition
-Largest fly family of parasitoids
-Have swollen subscutellum
-Diverse biologies, hosts
-More than 8,000 known species in this family, all of which are parasitoids. They are virtually all endoparasitoids, but some behave more as true parasites. Members of this family have been used successfully in biological control programs. Some species lay eggs in the environment for hosts to consume, some lay deposit triungulin larvae that actively search for hosts, some lay eggs on the outside of hosts that hatch shortly after deposition and the larvae enter the hosts, and some deposit larvae directly into hosts. |
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Term
| some details about the parasitoid group Trichogrammatidae |
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Definition
-Very tiny egg parasitoids
-Important in biological control
-Estimated 1-2,000 species of tiny parasitoids. All are egg parasitoids of Holometabola and Hemiptera, Orthoptera, and Thysanoptera. The taxonomy of the group is a mess, but three tarsal segments are diagnostic for the family. These parasitoids are used worldwide in release programs against crop pests, mostly Lepidopterans. |
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Term
| some examples of parasitoids accepting the host |
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Definition
| -Telenomus heliothidis will sting non-host eggs if they are treated with material from the accessory glands of the normal host – Heliothis virescens
-Edovum puttleri will sting glass beads if they are treated with hexane wash of eggs of the normal host - Leptinotarsa decemlineata |
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Term
| some examples of parasitoids locating the host habitat |
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Definition
| -Leptopilina heterotoma using volatile odors from decaying fruit to find the Drosophila larvae they attack
-the use of sound by mole cricket parasitoids to locate their hosts’ habitats and the hosts within them |
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Term
| some examples of parasitoids locating the host within the habitat |
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Definition
-a parasitoid fly that attacks gypsy moth larvae. In this case the parasitoid forages in the habitat where the hosts are located, and places it takes on the portions of leaves where it finds fresh feeding damage. The gypsy moth larvae then consume the fly egg while they are feeding, the egg hatches inside of the caterpillar, and parasitism is underway. So, in this case the parasitoid locates the host habitat, finds locations where the host is feeding, then leaves little time bombs for the host.
-responding specifically to cues that direct them to their hosts within the habitat, such as a wasp attacking caterpillars that are significant pests in cotton, corn, peanuts, soybeans, tomatoes, tobacco, and other crops |
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Term
| some factors that affect host suitability |
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Definition
-Host age or life stage
-Host diet – Nicotine, e.g.
-Parasitization status of host
-Health of host |
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Term
| some forms of parthenogenesis |
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Definition
-Arrhenotokous
-Deuterotokous
-Thelytokous
-Adelphoparasitism |
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Term
| some insects with Complete (holometabolous) metamorphosis |
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Definition
| Holometabolous orders of insects include the moths and butterflies, bees, ants and wasps, beetles, lace wings and flies |
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Term
| some insects with Incomplete (hemimetabolous) metamorphosis |
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Definition
| Examples of insects with incomplete metamorphosis include all of the true bugs, dragonflies and damselflies, grasshoppers, and mantids |
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Term
| some means by which parasitoids regulate their hosts |
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Definition
-toxins injected into the host by the ovipositing female
-viruses which the female inserts into the host along with her eggs
-teratocytes, which are tiny cellular components of eggs that are released into the host when the egg hatches and which modify the nutrient quality of the host or suppress the host immune system
-other mechanisms |
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Term
| some orders parasitoids can be found in and some details about each |
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Definition
-Hymenoptera: Numerous families; largest group of parasitoids; most important group
-Diptera: Various families (Tachinidae, Sarcophagidae)
-Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing parasite*
-Coleoptera: Meloidae, Carabidae, Staphylinidae
-Neuroptera: Mantispidae* |
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Term
| some problems with vertebrate predators |
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Definition
1. They tend to have a broad host ranges
2. they are very capable learners.
This means that vertebrate predators can readily switch to new prey in an often unpredictable fashion! |
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Term
| some ways parasitoids can reduce the suitability of hosts for subsequent parasitoids |
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Definition
-Internal Host Discrimination
1. Marked Hosts
-Eliminate competitors
2. Physical attacks |
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Term
| specificity of the targer in augmentation |
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Definition
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Term
| specificity of the targer in conservation |
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Definition
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Term
| specificity of the targer in importation |
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Definition
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Term
| the "banker plants" system in augmentative biological control |
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Definition
| in this system, Banker Plants are used, which are plants from an earlier grown crop that have established infestations of whiteflies and parasitoids. These banker plants are introduced into the fresh greenhouse crop at fixed rate, so that the parasitoids can move to find new hosts. |
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Term
| the "dribble method" in augmentative biological control |
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Definition
| in this method, parasitoids are introduced into the greenhouse at planting of the crop, in anticipation of the pest development. After this, low rate releases are continued, until other parasitized nymphs are found on the crop. |
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Term
| the concern with predators |
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Definition
| The concern is that they may attack unintended non- target species. |
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Term
| the effect of a parasite on its host |
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Definition
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Term
| the effect of a parasitoid on its host |
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Definition
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Term
| the effect of a predator on its host |
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Definition
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Term
| the three approaches to biological control |
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Definition
-Importation
-Augmentation
-Conservation |
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Term
| the “Pest-in-first” method in augmentative biological control |
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Definition
| in this method, the pest or whiteflies are deliberately introduced into the greenhouse at a fixed rate. Later the parasitoid Encarsia is introduced at a standard rate, two or three times at regular intervals so that suitable host stages are available for them. This method is not widely popular because of obvious reasons – releasing pests directly onto the crop! |
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Term
| where adult parasites get their nutrition |
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Definition
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Term
| where adult parasitoids get their nutrition |
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Definition
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Term
| where adult predators get their nutrition |
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Definition
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Term
| where immature parasites get their nutrition |
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Definition
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Term
| where immature parasitoids get their nutrition |
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Definition
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Term
| where immature predators get their nutrition |
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Definition
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Term
| why predators are considered higher risks for importation than parasitoids |
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Definition
| because predators tend to be considerably more generalized in their diets than parasitoids |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Green Lacewing (Family Chrysopidae) |
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