Term
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Definition
| Nutrients a microbe cannot make for itself, but must gather from its environment |
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Term
| what microbes do when essential nutrients are plentiful |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what microbes do when essential nutrients are scarce |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Nutrients needed in large quantities |
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Term
| some of the macronutrients needed by microbes |
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Definition
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Term
| Six macronutrients—______—make up the carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins of the cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| the role of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur |
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Definition
| make up the carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins of the cell |
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Term
| the role of Mg, Fe, and K |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Nutrients needed in small quantities |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| the role of micronutrients |
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Definition
| they are essential components of enzymes or cofactors |
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Term
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Definition
-enriched
-selective
-differential |
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Term
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Definition
| are complex media to which specific blood components are added |
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Term
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Definition
| favor the growth of one organism over another, selecting some over another |
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Term
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Definition
| exploit differences between two species that grow equally well; helps differentiate based on different properties, such as metabolism |
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Term
| is it possible for a medium to be more than 1 type? |
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Definition
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Term
| are most microbes culturable or unculturable? |
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Definition
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Term
| amount of microbes that we don't know how to grow in the lab |
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Definition
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|
Term
| why so many microbes can't be cultured |
|
Definition
| because they adapted so well to their natural habitat |
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|
Term
| If a microbe is unculturable, how do we know it exists? |
|
Definition
-DNA detection
-observe in environment |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Agent of Typhus Fever
-Endemic in flying squirrels
-Lice cause it to spread
-unculturable; it's an obligate intracellular bacteria |
|
|
Term
| how lice spread Rickettsia prowazekii |
|
Definition
1: suck blood
2: spread it thru feces
3: humans get infected |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of Rickettsia prowazekii may include... |
|
Definition
-headache
-rash
-high fever |
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|
Term
| Rickettsia prowazekii grows only in... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| obligate intracellular bacteria |
|
Definition
| requires a host cell to survive, thus unculturable |
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Term
| why some bacteria can't be cultured |
|
Definition
| consequence of evolution and the organism’s natural growth environment |
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Term
|
Definition
| specific nutrients not required by other species |
|
|
Term
| All of Earth’s life-forms are based on... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Degrade organic compounds into smaller compounds for energy.
-Then reassemble to make cell constituents.
-CO2 released |
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Term
|
Definition
| Reduce CO2 to make complex cell constituents |
|
|
Term
autotrophy or heterotrophy?
[image] |
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Definition
|
|
Term
autotrophy or heterotrophy?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| different types of autoprophs |
|
Definition
-Photoautotrophs
-Chemolithoautotroph |
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Term
| different types of heterotrophs |
|
Definition
-Photoheterotrophs
-Chemoheterotrophs aka organotrophs |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| In the absence of a TCA cycle, the carbon can end up as fermentation products, such as... |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The use of chemical reactions powered by the absorption of light to yield energy |
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Term
|
Definition
| Metabolism that yields energy from oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions without using light energy |
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Term
|
Definition
-Lithotrophy
-Organotrophy |
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Term
|
Definition
| The metabolic oxidation of inorganic compounds to yield energy and fix single-carbon compounds into biomass |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The metabolic oxidation of organic compounds to yield energy without absorption of light |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| chemoorganotrophy or chemoheterotrophy |
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Term
|
Definition
| CO2 is fixed and assembled into organic molecules |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pre-formed organic molecules are acquired from outside, broken down for carbon, and the carbon reassembled to make biomass |
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Term
|
Definition
| Light absorption captures energy |
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Term
|
Definition
| Chemical electron donors are oxidized |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Inorganic molecules donate electrons |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Organic molecules donate electrons |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| gain of energy from light absorption with biosynthesis from pre-formed organic compounds |
|
|
Term
| Rhodospirillum rubrum can grow by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 types of energy storage |
|
Definition
-chemical
-electrical potential |
|
|
Term
| a way to store energy chemically |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a way to store energy by way of electrical potential |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this stores energy in ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this releases energy in ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Energy + Phosphate |
|
|
Term
| A membrane potential is generated when... |
|
Definition
| chemical energy is used to pump protons across cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| the charge inside the cell when there's a membrane potential |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the electrochemical potential formed by the H+ gradient plus the charge difference |
|
|
Term
| proton motive force aka... |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. Proton flow thru F0 rotor is driven by proton motive force. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2. Proton flow causes F1 to rotate. |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nitrogen is a ______nutrient. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nitrogen gas in the atmosphere (N2) must be converted into... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For nitrogen to be used for growth, it must first be... |
|
Definition
| “fixed,” or converted to ammonium ions (NH4+) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they convert N2 into NH4+ |
|
|
Term
| what microbes use NH4+ for |
|
Definition
| to make amino acids and other nitrogenous compounds needed for growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. Nitrogenase fixes atmospheric N2 to ammonia (NH4+) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2. Nitrifiers oxidize ammonia (NH4+) to generate energy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3. Denitrifiers use oxidized forms, such as nitrate, as alternative e- acceptors. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter |
|
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Grow symbiotically within root nodule cells of legumes |
|
|
Term
| some legumes Rhizobium grows in |
|
Definition
-Beans
-Lentils
-Peas
-Soybeans
-Peanuts |
|
|
Term
| benefits of Rhizobium infecting legume roots |
|
Definition
-provides the plant higher nitrogen availability/uptake
-Improved health of plant
-Lower cost for farmer
-Environmentally friendly / “Natural” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reproduction where one parent cell splits into two equal daughter cells |
|
|
Term
| an example of bacteria dividing asymmetrically |
|
Definition
| Hyphomicrobium divides by budding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rate of increase in cell numbers or biomass |
|
|
Term
| the growth rate is proportional to... |
|
Definition
| the population size at a given time |
|
|
Term
| If a cell divides by binary fission, the number of cells is proportional to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| equation for population growth by binary fission |
|
Definition
| Nt = N0 x 2n where...
Nt = total number of cells
N0 = original number of cells
n = number of rounds of binary fission |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of rounds of binary fission |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Metabolically active/no increase in number of cells
-Adaptation; induce enzymes needed
-Length varies w/ species & conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Population doubles each generation
-Primary metabolites synthesized
-Balanced growth- all cellular constituents made at constant rates
-Most susceptible to antibiotics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Growth curve horizontal
-Population growth ceases
-New cells made at same rate as old cells die (growth rate = death rate)
-Secondary metabolites are made at beginning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Exponential
-99% of population dies
-Prolonged decline – 1% population mutates according to environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| examples of primary metabolites |
|
Definition
-Amino acids
-Nucleic acids
-Simple lipids |
|
|
Term
| examples of secondary metabolites |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stage of bacterial growth where bacteria are most susceptible to antibiotics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stage of bacterial growth where secondary metabolites are made |
|
Definition
| beginning of stationary phase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A biosynthetic product that is not an essential nutrient but enhances nutrient uptake or inhibits competing species (e.g., an antibiotic). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| I think a biosynthetic product that is an essential nutrient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| culture in which all cells in a population achieve a steady state, which allows detailed study of bacterial physiology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ensures logarithmic growth by constantly adding and removing equal amounts of culture media |
|
|
Term
| example of a natural chemostat |
|
Definition
The human GI tract
new nutrients are always arriving from the throat while equal amounts of bacterial culture exit in fecal waste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complex, slime enclosed community of microbes growing on a solid surface |
|
|
Term
| are most bacteria free-floating or attached to solid surface? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a clinically important contributor to microbial disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the biofilm that forms on teeth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. Attachment to monolayer by flagella |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3. Exopolysaccharide (EPS) production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 5. Dissolution and dispersal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability of bacteria to sense the presence of other bacteria via secreted chemical signals called autoinducers |
|
|
Term
| Microcolonies communicate via... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how microbes communicate with each other when forming biofilms |
|
Definition
-Small proteins that increase in concentration as microbes replicate.
-Released to environment
-Serves as signaling mechanism |
|
|
Term
| what happens after formation of monolayer, but before formation of microcolonies? |
|
Definition
| bacteria begin to coat surfaces with organic debris to which more cells can attach |
|
|
Term
| Exopolysaccharide (EPS) production includes production of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Polysaccharides and entrapped materials that form a thick extracellular matrix around the microbes in a biofilm
-it is sticky
-this increases the antibiotic resistance of residents of the biofilm |
|
|
Term
| cells may break free from the biofilm towers if... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| clinical relevance of biofilms |
|
Definition
-May be resistant to antibiotics and UV light.
-Forms on implanted medical devices such as hip implants and catheters.
-Forms on natural surfaces such as teeth. |
|
|
Term
| “normal” growth conditions for microbes |
|
Definition
-Sea level
-Temperature 20°C–40°C
-Neutral pH
-0.9% salt
-ample nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms that inhabit environments outside the "normal" conditions |
|
|
Term
| can microbes regulate their own temperature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why regulating temperature is important |
|
Definition
-Enzymes have optimal temperature for function
-High temps destroy proteins
-Low temperatures solidify membranes |
|
|
Term
| the temperature preferred by Psychrophiles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the temperature preferred by Mesophiles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the temperature preferred by Thermophiles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the temperature preferred by Hyperthermophiles (Extreme thermophiles) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| peak growth rate increases ______ with temperature and obeys the ______ equation. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hyperthermophiles (Extreme thermophiles) |
|
|
Term
| The general result of the Arrhenius equation |
|
Definition
| growth rate roughly doubles for every 10°C rise in temperature |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of PSYCHROPHILES |
|
Definition
-prefer temp of ~0°C – 20°C
-Enzymes adapted to function in cold temp.
-Membrane remains semi-fluid when cold (high levels of unsaturated fatty acids)
-Accumulate solutes to decrease freezing point |
|
|
Term
| why the psychrophile membrane remains fluid at cold temp |
|
Definition
| high levels of unsaturated fatty acids |
|
|
Term
| how psychrophiles decrease freezing point |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Novel compounds made by members of the polar microbiome are screened for... |
|
Definition
| anticancer and antimicrobial potential |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of thermophiles and hyperthermophiles |
|
Definition
-prefer 40°C – 80°C and 65°C-121°C, respectively
-Enzymes are adapted to function in hot temp.
-Increased H bonds
-Less flexible polypeptides than in psychrophiles
-Numerous DNA binding proteins stabilize DNA |
|
|
Term
| how the DNA is stabilized in thermophiles and hyperthermophiles |
|
Definition
| Numerous DNA binding proteins stabilize DNA |
|
|
Term
| example of a hyperthermophile |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| characteristics of Thermus aquaticus |
|
Definition
| -Can survive hot temperatures by utilizing heat-stable Taq DNA polymerase.
-Taq DNA polymerase is among the most widely used enzymes in biotechnology-over $100 million/year in sales. |
|
|
Term
| how Thermus aquaticus survives hot temperatures by... |
|
Definition
| utilizing heat-stable Taq DNA polymerase |
|
|
Term
| importance of Taq DNA polymerase |
|
Definition
| It is among the most widely used enzymes in biotechnology-over $100 million/year in sales. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Methanocaldococcus jannaschii |
|
|
Term
| air pressure at Sea Level |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Barophiles or piezophiles |
|
Definition
| organisms adapted to grow at pressures up to 1,000 atm or 14,600 psi but fail to grow at low pressures |
|
|
Term
| Growth at high pressure requires... |
|
Definition
| specially designed membranes and protein structures |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of barophiles |
|
Definition
-Many barophiles also survive other extreme conditions.
-How bacteria survive these high pressures is still a mystery.
-Increased hydrostatic pressure reduce membrane fluidity. |
|
|
Term
| Increased hydrostatic pressure ______ membrane fluidity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cell membrane allows ______ to pass but NOT ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than the microbe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than the microbe |
|
|
Term
| what happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution? |
|
Definition
| Water leaves cell and bacteria shrink and die |
|
|
Term
| what happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution? |
|
Definition
| Water enters cell and bacteria swell, burst, and die |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A membrane that is permeable to some substances but impermeable to other substances |
|
|
Term
| semipermeable membrane aka... |
|
Definition
| selectively permeable membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane-channel proteins that allow water to traverse the membrane much faster than by diffusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they help protect the cell from osmotic stress |
|
|
Term
| how microbes alter the osmotic concentration of their cytoplasm in a hypotonic environment |
|
Definition
| they express pressure-sensitive channels in plasma membrane allow solutes to leave the cell |
|
|
Term
| how microbes alter the osmotic concentration of their cytoplasm in a hypertonic environment |
|
Definition
| they increase cellular osmotic concentration by synthesizing or importing solutes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An organism that requires a high extracellular sodium chloride concentration for optimal growth |
|
|
Term
| Halophiles prefer a (high or low) internal concentration of sodium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how halophiles maintain a low internal concentration of sodium |
|
Definition
| they use ion pumps to excrete sodium and replace it with other cations such as potassium |
|
|
Term
| an example of a halophile |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is Halobacterium bacterial or archaeral? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where in the human body Staphylococcus aureus is found |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of people that carry Staphylococcus aureus |
|
Definition
| 20% of population are carriers |
|
|
Term
| some things that can be caused by Staphylococcus aureus |
|
Definition
-Minor skin infections (pimples/boils)
-Serious illness (pneumonia/meningitis/sepsis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can tolerate relatively high salinity |
|
|
Term
| the halotolerance of Staphylococcus aureus |
|
Definition
| Can be cultured in media up to 10% NaCl |
|
|
Term
| some infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus |
|
Definition
-pneumonia
-infective endocarditis
-sepsis
-osteomyelitis
-menstrual toxic shock syndrome
-soft tissue infections
[image] |
|
|
Term
| example of a halotolerant bacterium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the organisms that benefit from oxygen |
|
Definition
| those that can use it as a TEA in the electron transport chain |
|
|
Term
| the cells that oxygen is toxic to |
|
Definition
| those that do not have enzymes capable of efficiently destroying reactive oxygen species (ROS) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Grows in presence of atmospheric oxygen (O2)( 20%) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| requires O2 at low conc. ( 2-10%) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Grows in the absence of O2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| does not require O2 but grows better with it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grows equally well with or without O2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where obligate aerobes grow in a standing test tube |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where microaerophiles grow in a standing test tube |
|
Definition
| middle, but closer to top |
|
|
Term
| where obligate anaerobes grow in a standing test tube |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where facultative anaerobes grow in a standing test tube |
|
Definition
| everywhere, but mostlytop half |
|
|
Term
| where aerotolerant anaerobes grow in a standing test tube |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 ways to culture anaerobes |
|
Definition
-anaerobe jar
-anaerobic chamber with glove ports
[image] |
|
|
Term
| The majority of enzymes function between pH... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sulfolobus
it's also a thermophile |
|
|
Term
| mechanism Sulfolobus has that might help it survive acidic environments |
|
Definition
| a proton extrusion mechanism that is still under investigation |
|
|
Term
| PHYSICAL AGENTS THAT CONTROL MICROBES |
|
Definition
-High Temperature
-Low Temperature
-Filtration
-UV light |
|
|
Term
| some ways to control microbial growth |
|
Definition
-sterilization
-disinfection
-antisepsis
-sanitation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| killing of all living organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| killing or removal of pathogens from inanimate objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| killing or removal of pathogens from the surface of living tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reducing the microbial population to safe levels |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of Deinococcus radiodurans |
|
Definition
-Has the greatest ability to survive
radiation of any known organism.
-Has exceptional capabilities
for repairing DNA and protein damage.
+ It accumulates manganese that can remove free radicals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A secreted molecule that induces quorum-sensing behavior in bacteria |
|
|
