Term
| 2 Americans that advocated the use of biological control |
|
Definition
-Asa Fitch in New York
-Benjamin Walsh in Illinois |
|
|
Term
| 2 animals that were intended to be used for pest control, but became pests themselves |
|
Definition
-cane toad (to control insects)
-mongoose (to control insects and other pests) |
|
|
Term
| 2 species that were collected by Koebele to counteract the Cottony-Cushion Scale Crisis |
|
Definition
| -a tiny parasitic fly named Cryptochaetum iceryae
-a specialist predatory lady beetle, Rodolia cardinalis, or the vedalia beetle |
|
|
Term
| A goal of many biocontrol programs |
|
Definition
| to establish a self-sustaining system that will require few or no additional inputs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Attributes of natural enemies |
|
Definition
-Host/prey specificity
-Density dependent response
-Strong reproducer – “rate of increase”
-Good searching ability
-Synchrony with target pest
-Ability to survive low food supply |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Entomophthoralean fungal pathogen of insects
-White fuzzy coat, often on beetles, caterpillars |
|
|
Term
| Biological Control relies on... |
|
Definition
| the interactions among populations, and on top-down effects within food webs |
|
|
Term
| Biological control could, therefore, be thought of as applied... |
|
Definition
| “applied ecology” or “applied population dynamics”. |
|
|
Term
| Density dependent factors |
|
Definition
| inflict mortality as a function of the population density (predators, food, pathogens) |
|
|
Term
| Density independent factors |
|
Definition
| inflict mortality with no regard for population density (weather, pesticides) |
|
|
Term
| Density independent mortality factors |
|
Definition
| mortality factors that kill the same proportion of the population, regardless of population density |
|
|
Term
| Density of hosts/prey can be influenced by ______, which in turn influences ______. |
|
Definition
the first trophic level
the third trophic level of natural enemies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| those that attack hosts/prey in multiple habitat types (such as in shrubs, grasses, and trees) |
|
|
Term
| Economic injury level (EIL) |
|
Definition
| point at which economic injury begins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| point at which action should be taken to prevent economic loss |
|
|
Term
| Erasmus Darwin's contribution to the idea of biological control |
|
Definition
| Suggests use of natural enemies for control of pests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the response of predators to prey in which the number of prey eaten by predators changes in response to prey density.
example: more prey may be eaten for example, when the prey density increases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The pattern of attack by a natural enemy in relation to the number of prey/hosts and the time involved |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Asian multi-colored ladybeetle (our first bug of the day) |
|
|
Term
| How we sample is affected by... |
|
Definition
| the biology of the pest and the type of damage it causes. |
|
|
Term
| In biological control, our focus is on ______, emphasizing ______. |
|
Definition
the interactions among populations
the importance of top-down forces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Consistent, significant damage |
|
|
Term
| Kirby and Spence's contribution to the idea of biological control |
|
Definition
| In England in 1815, Kirby and Spence described the value of biological control in their 4-volume “Textbook of Entomology”, which was an early and authoritative work. |
|
|
Term
| Mynah bird in biological control |
|
Definition
| Mynah birds were moved from India to Mauritius in 1762 to help control locusts (migratory grasshoppers), and they established and were fairly successful. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a response by predators to prey in which the density of predators in a given area increases due to reproduction in relation to increasing prey density. Migration into an area of high prey density is also a numerical response. |
|
|
Term
| One very important factor that influences synchrony in time |
|
Definition
| the developmental time and the time it takes to go through a generation |
|
|
Term
| Our goal in biological control |
|
Definition
| to manipulate systems to be able to maintain pest populations at levels below that which would be economically or aesthetically damaging |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemicals produced by organisms to communicate with other members of the same species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Evaluation of pest-induced injury |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| includes changes in populations over time |
|
|
Term
| Population regulation relative to population dynamics often implies... |
|
Definition
| a return of the population to some sort of equilibrium level as a result of a density-dependent process |
|
|
Term
| Population regulation relative to population dynamics refers to... |
|
Definition
| the control of that population |
|
|
Term
| Primary Ecological events |
|
Definition
| changes in population density that occur when individuals are added to the population either through birth or immigration into an area, or when they are lost from the population through death or emigration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Number captured in traps or observed per unit time |
|
|
Term
| Some components of IPM include... |
|
Definition
| plant health, host plant resistance, biological controls, cultural controls, and pesticides |
|
|
Term
| Synchrony can be complicated by... |
|
Definition
| the need of organisms to survive through seasonal rough periods, such as winter in temperate climates or the dry season in the Tropics |
|
|
Term
| Synchrony in ______ and ______ is critical. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Cottony-Cushion Scale Crisis |
|
Definition
| Serious outbreaks in 1888 threatening fledgling California citrus industry |
|
|
Term
| The big story that triggered the growth of biological control revolved around... |
|
Definition
| the cottony cushion scale, a serious pest of citrus |
|
|
Term
| The two types of pheremones most often used in IPM |
|
Definition
-sex pheromones
-aggregation pheromones |
|
|
Term
| Thomas Malthus's contribution to the idea of biological control |
|
Definition
| Population growth and suppression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| feeding or nutrition, deriving from the Greek ‘trophikos’, meaning nourishment |
|
|
Term
| Types of natural enemies can include... |
|
Definition
| organisms that function as predators, parasitoids or pathogens |
|
|
Term
| Typically, there are no more than ______ trophic levels in an ecosystem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ultimately, biological control is... |
|
Definition
| the interaction of populations under a particular set of conditions |
|
|
Term
| a food web consists of... |
|
Definition
| all of the linkages through which energy flows in an ecosystem, or food chains |
|
|
Term
| an example of early biological control |
|
Definition
| We know from Chinese records that ants were used in citrus production in southern China as early as 200 BC, and these same ants are still used today. Growers still use bamboo rods to create bridges between trees to allow ants to forage away from their nests in the trees. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The action of predators, parasites, and pathogens to reduce the population of another organism to levels lower than would occur in their absence |
|
|
Term
| chart showing the different types of functional responses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cultural practices in IPM |
|
Definition
-Modifications of the cropping system or practices that discourage pest colonization or build up
-Examples are planting date, sanitation, reduced tillage, and use of cover crops |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability of natural enemies to respond positively to increasing host/prey density |
|
|
Term
| depiction of the interaction of factors in the history of biological control |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the status of IPM today |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attacks economic portion of crop (e.g., fruit) |
|
|
Term
| disadvantages of plant resistance in IPM |
|
Definition
| must be planned in advance of the crop going out into the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concentrate on a single or very few habitat types |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parasites that live on the outside of the host's body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parasites that develop inside the host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attack multiple types of prey |
|
|
Term
| generalists need not synchronize with any one host/prey species, but must still... |
|
Definition
| assure survival by synchronizing with available food resources |
|
|
Term
| genetic manipulation in IPM |
|
Definition
| utilizes genetic methods to suppress pest populations, typically rendering pests sterile through mating with irradiated mates released into the environment at high numbers |
|
|
Term
| how Asa Fitch advocated biological control |
|
Definition
| by encouraging wheat growers to allow natural enemies to help them control Hessian fly |
|
|
Term
| how Benjamin Walsh advocated biological control |
|
Definition
| by advocating for growers to stop trusting con artists and instead have more faith in nature |
|
|
Term
| how C.V. Riley, Albert Koebele, and D.W. Coquillett acted against the Cottony-Cushion Scale Crisis |
|
Definition
| Riley was able to obtain $2,000 supposedly to send Koebele to Australia to participate in an international exposition in Melbourne. Koebele went to Australia, but didn’t go to the expo. Instead he spent his time looking for natural enemies of the cottony-cushion scale, and sent them back to Coquillett, who immediately began rearing them. |
|
|
Term
| how biological control got going at the Federal level |
|
Definition
| At the federal level, Leland O. Howard set up a lab in Connecticut to introduce natural enemies against an exotic pest, the gypsy moth. Harry Smith left federal employment at the gypsy moth lab and moved to California in 1913, where he set up the first dedicated biological control program in the United States. This program, moved to Riverside in 1923, was the core for biological control in the United States until the 1960s. Smith also coined the term “biological control” in 1919. |
|
|
Term
| how biological control has been influenced by other factors |
|
Definition
| Advances in the sciences are couched in the social and historical contexts of the era, which are shaped by the philosophical, religious, and sociological settings. The development of biological control has been influenced by all of these things, and the growth of systematics, knowledge of natural history, and ecology. |
|
|
Term
| how cover crops and border planting can be beneficial in IPM |
|
Definition
| Cover crops and border plantings can help encourage beneficial insect populations to build up |
|
|
Term
| how many living things are pests? |
|
Definition
| the vast majority are not |
|
|
Term
| how metapopulations benefit natural enemies |
|
Definition
| they provide opportunities for natural enemies to track hosts/prey in space and time, and allow stability of all populations over time by providing refuges for hosts/prey from which they can re-colonize other patches and allow natural enemies to persist |
|
|
Term
| how most pesticides are used |
|
Definition
| therapeutically, in response to pest infestations |
|
|
Term
| how natural enemies find food in clumped populagtions |
|
Definition
| by using signs to find hosts and prey, just like humans do when looking for clumped food resources |
|
|
Term
| how natural enemies must track their enemies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how pest management changed between the 1940's and 1960's |
|
Definition
| Emergence of synthetic organic insecticides (e.g., cyclodienes, DDT, organophosphates) to the point where other methods were almost excluded |
|
|
Term
| how pest management changed in the early 1900's |
|
Definition
| the introduction of inorganic insecticides (e.g., lead arsenate, sulfurs) |
|
|
Term
| how pesticides are grouped |
|
Definition
| Pesticides are grouped into classes, based on chemical structure and/or general modes of action or target sites |
|
|
Term
| how populations in a metapopulation occur in a natural system |
|
Definition
| they are embedded in a matrix of space that is not suitable for the populations to persist, but movement among patches by the organisms does occur, and interactions among subpopulations maintain the overall metapopulation |
|
|
Term
| how reduced tillage can be helpful in IPM |
|
Definition
| it minimizes soil erosion, but also has a strong tendency to reduce pressure from insect pests |
|
|
Term
| how the third trophic level can shape evolution in the first trophic level |
|
Definition
| by altering the distribution of herbivores in space and time, as herbivores try to escape natural enemy pressure |
|
|
Term
| how to calculate population growth |
|
Definition
| Population growth = (birth + immigration) – (death + emigration) |
|
|
Term
| how traps can be helpful in IPM |
|
Definition
| by providing insights into the population trends of the pests |
|
|
Term
| in 1961, the term "pest management" was coined for this reason |
|
Definition
| to shift thinking from control to management within thresholds |
|
|
Term
| in IPM, degree to which any one tactic is used will vary with... |
|
Definition
| cropping system and socioeconmic constraints |
|
|
Term
| in a food web, energy is lost at each transfer due to... |
|
Definition
| inefficiency of transfer, conversion of energy into materials that cannot be processed, and energy costs for maintenance of the organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attacks non-economic portion of crop (e.g., leaves of many crops) |
|
|
Term
| insect predators that are in the "True Bug" group (Hemiptera) |
|
Definition
| insects that have piercing-sucking mouthparts which they use to impale their prey and extract fluid |
|
|
Term
| integrated pest management (IPM) |
|
Definition
| Use of all available tactics to maintain pests at acceptable levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| predation between species that also feed on the same prey/host item |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a population of populations where spatially distinct subpopulations occupy separated patches of habitat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Relatively common, limited damage |
|
|
Term
| nature of the breadth of a natural enemy’s host/prey range has this effect |
|
Definition
| affects the top-down outcomes |
|
|
Term
| once the economic injury level (EIL) is exceeded,... |
|
Definition
| the costs of action and losses will outweigh the benefits of acting |
|
|
Term
| once the economic threshold (ET) is exceeded,... |
|
Definition
| the benefits of action outweigh the costs |
|
|
Term
| parasitic wasps can leave behind these indicators of parasitism |
|
Definition
-holes in the host
-cocoons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an insect, that when immature, parasitizes another insect, subsequently killing its host, and is otherwise free-living as an adult |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a microorganism that lives as a parasite on or in a larger host organism, causing debility or mortality |
|
|
Term
| pest management prior to the 1900's |
|
Definition
| Tolerance, cultural practices (hand picking, burning, etc.), limited biological control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Use of heritable physical or chemical properties of the crop to discourage pest colonization, growth, and/or survival relative to a related, more susceptible crop germplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of individuals that are members of a single species living together in the same habitat and likely to interbreed |
|
|
Term
| population distribution that promotes random searching behavior |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an animal that eats more than one other animal during its lifetime |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used before pests arrive, such as flea treatments |
|
|
Term
| scientific name for predatory earwig |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| similarities and differences between big-eyed bugs and chinch bugs |
|
Definition
-big-eyed bugs are slightly larger than chinch bugs
-They may have similar coloration, but are always broader across the head than the area just behind (shoulders)
-Chinch bugs, on the other hand, have a narrow head, never broader than the area directly behind |
|
|
Term
| some Biological Control Organizations |
|
Definition
-IOBC/OILB: International Organization for Biological Control
-CIBC: Commonwealth Institute for Biological Control
-CAB: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau |
|
|
Term
| some bad things insect pests do that people don't like |
|
Definition
-they destroy millions of dollars worth of crops, fruits, shade trees and ornamental plants, stored products, household items, and other materials valued by man.
-They vector diseases of man and domestic animals.
-They attack man and his pets causing irritation, blood loss, and in some instances, death. |
|
|
Term
| some biologically based approaches to pest management |
|
Definition
-Biological control (natural or manipulated)
-Host plant resistance
-Cultural controls
-Pheromones
-Genetic techniques |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of density dependence |
|
Definition
-Number of prey/hosts killed is a function of the number of prey/hosts available
-May be a function of space – Number of prey/hosts per unit area that the natural enemy can traverse
-May be a function of time – Number of prey/hosts available over a period of foraging time
-Considered to be important for pest management |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of predatory earwig |
|
Definition
| This insect is actually an omnivore that feeds on plant material and on prey items. It is a generalist found in many cropping systems. Females of this predator guard their eggs after they lay them, for up to 10 days, usually leaving just before they hatch. But then, after the eggs hatch, the kids need to scatter fast before a very hungry mother in the neighborhood eats her young. These predators eat a wide variety of prey, including a number of different species of caterpillars. |
|
|
Term
| some details about Assassin Bugs (Reduviidae) |
|
Definition
-they generally appear oval orelongate
-often black and orange-red or brown
-larger than most of the other predaceous bugs, especially the giant wheel bug
-they have a head that has a particularly long and narrow appearance
-They feed on most other insects
-will inflict a painful bite if handled |
|
|
Term
| some details about Beauveria bassiana |
|
Definition
-Entomophthoralean fungal pathogen of insects
-White fuzzy coat, often on beetles, caterpillars
This fungus is rather common worldwide and is a definite generalist. It has been mass produced and is commercially available in various names (e.g., Mycotrol). |
|
|
Term
| some details about Big-Eyed Bugs (Lygaeidae) |
|
Definition
-stout bodied
-about 1/8 inch long with prominent eyes that give the insect its name
-slightly larger than chinch bugs
-can often be found with populations of chinch bugs
-also feed on caterpillars and insect eggs |
|
|
Term
| some details about Minute Pirate Bugs (Anthocoridae) |
|
Definition
-1/8 - 1/4 inch long
-black and white as adults
-have colorful yellow-orange-brown nymphs depending upon instar
-produces painful bite
-effective predator of thrips and the eggs of many insect and mite species |
|
|
Term
| some details about Predaceous Damsel Bugs (Nabidae) |
|
Definition
-1/8 - 3/8 inch long
-may be cream colored to dark brown to black depending on the species
-The most common species are slender, elongate insects that are most active in mid summer
-They feed on eggs and immature stages of many pest insects |
|
|
Term
| some details about Predaceous Plant Bugs (Miridae) |
|
Definition
-less well known than other predaceous true bugs
-have been shown to be active predators of thrips, lace bugs, aphids, moth eggs and other insects of importance in the landscape |
|
|
Term
| some details about pesticides |
|
Definition
-Materials designed to kill pests
-Most are regulated by EPA
-Efficacy and environmental risks vary among and within classes
-Generally used in response to pests, but some are prophylactic |
|
|
Term
| some details about pheremones in IPM |
|
Definition
-Exclusive to Arthropods
-Used to attract pests and monitor their activity in the landscape
-Usually used to monitor rather than make decisions, but some thresholds are based on trap results |
|
|
Term
| some details about some the spined soldier bug (a type of Stink Bug (Pentatomidae)) |
|
Definition
-known predator of more than 100 pest species
-Adults are about ½ inch long, light brown, and somewhat dorso-ventrally flattened
-The shoulders are drawn out into the appearance of a spine, hence the name
-Both the more colorful nymphs and the adults feed and may attack prey much larger than themselves
-Adults overwinter and become active in the spring when new eggs are deposited
-Caterpillars and leaf beetle larvae are common prey items for stink bugs. |
|
|
Term
| some details about using plant resistance in IPM |
|
Definition
-Extremely important and typically economical
-Prophylactic management
-Developed using conventional or molecular methods |
|
|
Term
| some early observations of parasitism |
|
Definition
-1602: the naturalist Ulisse Aldrovandi described wasps emerging from larvae of the sulfur butterfly, Pieris rapae
-1662: the illustrator Jan Goedart, who was noted for his insect images, illustrated small chalcid wasps emerging from a butterfly pupa |
|
|
Term
| some examples of how resistance to pesticides developed in response to pesticides |
|
Definition
-1914: San Jose scale resistant to lime sulfur
-1946: House fly in Sweden resistant to DDT.
-1997: >500 arthropods resistant to 1 or more insecticide class (35% are flies). |
|
|
Term
| some important factors of synchrony in predator and pest populations |
|
Definition
-the developmental time and the time it takes to go through a generation
-the number of generations that a natural enemy has per year |
|
|
Term
| some insect predators that are in the "True Bug" group (Hemiptera) |
|
Definition
-Assassin Bugs (Reduviidae)
-Big-Eyed Bugs (Lygaeidae)
-Minute Pirate Bugs (Anthocoridae)
-Predaceous Damsel Bugs (Nabidae)
-Predaceous Plant Bugs (Miridae)
-some species of Stink Bugs (Pentatomidae) |
|
|
Term
| some management methods that can be used in IPM |
|
Definition
-Pesticides
-Biological Control
-Pheromones
-Genetic Manipulation
-Plant Resistance
-Cultural Practices |
|
|
Term
| some pest management options |
|
Definition
-Tolerate damage
-Chemically-based approaches
-Biologically based approaches |
|
|
Term
| some pesticides that aren't regulated by the EPA |
|
Definition
-oils
-soaps
-diatomaceous earth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Mechanical
-Biological
-Cultural
-Chemical
-Regulatory |
|
|
Term
| some things that act in a food web in a bottom-up direction, affecting the higher trophic levels |
|
Definition
| defensive plant compounds and trichomes, or plant hairs |
|
|
Term
| some things that act in a food web in a top-down direction, affecting the lower trophic levels |
|
Definition
| Elimination or reduction of herbivores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Regular
-Key/severe
-Sporadic/Occasional
-Minor
-Direct
-Indirect |
|
|
Term
| some types of sampling in IPM |
|
Definition
-Absolute Estimates
-Relative Estimates
-Population Indices |
|
|
Term
| some ways individuals can leave a population |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some ways individuals might enter a population |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some ways to sample using direct counts |
|
Definition
| Visual, suction, sweep, shake |
|
|
Term
| some ways to sample using population indicies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some ways to sample using trap capture |
|
Definition
| Pheromone, bait, visual, suction, emergence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attack only one or a few types of prey |
|
|
Term
| the 4 essential components to the type II functional response |
|
Definition
-Rate of successful search
-time predator and prey are exposed
-handling time
-hunger |
|
|
Term
| the IPM interactions that will be discussed in this class |
|
Definition
| the interactions of biological control with pesticides, plant resistance, and cultural practices |
|
|
Term
| the IPM management methods that are chiefly specific to arthropods |
|
Definition
-pheremones
-genetic control |
|
|
Term
| the amount of insect species that are considered pests |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the component that needs to be added to describe the sigmoid curve in the type 3 functional response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the contributions of Charles Valentine Riley to biological control |
|
Definition
-Discovered relationship between yucca moth and yucca plants
-Published >2400 articles
-Taxonomist, natural historian
-First US Government Entomologist
-arranged to have predatory mites sent to France to help control grape phylloxera, which was devastating the wine industry (1873)
-Moved parasites of a weevil to new areas in Missouri (1870)
-Key player in importation of Cotesia (=Apanteles) glomeratus into US from to control the imported cabbageworm Europe (1883) |
|
|
Term
| the effect of resistance to pesticides |
|
Definition
-rendered various pesticides useless in some cropping systems
-put pressure on industry and growers to develop novel pest management tools |
|
|
Term
| the effect of the pesticides that became popular and when their effects became apparent |
|
Definition
-Environmental disruptions and damaging biomagnification related to insecticide use
-serious negative effects on wildlife
-pest resistance appears
-Secondary pests
1950s and 1960s |
|
|
Term
| the foundation elements of IPM |
|
Definition
-“Natural Mortality” in Agroecosystem
-Economic Thresholds
-Sampling |
|
|
Term
| the foundation of IPM is made up of... |
|
Definition
| sampling procedures, or being aware of what pests are present, in what number, and then having economic thresholds to relate the pest presence to potential economic losses, and develop a management plan |
|
|
Term
| the function of other patches of habitat for metapopulations in a natural system |
|
Definition
| serving as refugia, giving the aphids a source from which they can spread and colonize new patches, and allow the predators to have a persistent source of prey in the future |
|
|
Term
| the goal in biological control |
|
Definition
-to reduce the target pest population
-to select the most appropriate species for those interactions and conditions |
|
|
Term
| the importance of functional response |
|
Definition
| it can provide insights into natural enemy performance |
|
|
Term
| the initial focus of IPM when it was first enumerated in 1959 |
|
Definition
-plant resistance
-biological control
-pesticides
-use of thresholds |
|
|
Term
| the options organisms have to survive seasonal rough periods |
|
Definition
-survive the period where you are through hibernation or some other means
-migrate to a better climate |
|
|
Term
| the person who is considered the father of biological control and why |
|
Definition
| Charles Valentine Riley because of his many significant activities in the field |
|
|
Term
| these characteristics of target pests affects biological control |
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Definition
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Term
| this led to something of a re-emergence of biological control as a practical and viable approach for pest management |
|
Definition
-the book "Silent Spring"
-the emergence of the IPM concept |
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Term
| this limits the number of trophic levels |
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Definition
| it is limited to a point where the cost of obtaining energy exceeds the energy available for use |
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Term
| this pushed biological control into the background |
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Definition
| The emergence of cheap and effective pesticides in the 1940s and 1950s |
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Term
| this tool was developed to determine when pesticide treatments were necessary |
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Definition
|
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Term
| this triggered interest in biological control of weeds |
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Definition
| Hugely successful control of Opuntia in Australia with Cactoblastis cactorum (1920’s) |
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Term
| types of Host/Prey Specificity |
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Definition
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Term
| types of changes in natural enemy numbers in response to changing pest population numbers |
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Definition
-Numerical response
-Functional response |
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Term
| what Harmonia axyridis (Asian multi-colored ladybeetle) is believed to have displaced and why |
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Definition
| It is believed to have displaced some native lady beetle species because of its aggressive nature. |
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Term
| what IPM has been seen as in recent times |
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Definition
| the best way balance the needs of pest management with protection of human health and the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| integrate and optimize multiple tactics into an effective strategy that achieves economic, environmental, and social goals |
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Term
| what IPM was initially developed for |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what bottom-up forces do in food webs |
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Definition
| they move from the lower levels to affect the upper trophic levels |
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Term
|
Definition
-Very anthropocentric concept
-Organism that affects our health, food, fiber or quality of life
-May only be a certain stage |
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|
Term
| what many parasitic wasp species do that can help manage pests |
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Definition
| attacking the egg stage, completing their entire life cycle inside minute insect eggs |
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Term
| what parasitic flies do to pests |
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Definition
they deposit an egg or in some cases, a live larva, on or near the body of their host
-the larva burrows into its host and consumes the internal tissues |
|
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Term
| what parasitic wasps do to the host |
|
Definition
-lay their eggs in or on the host and the immature stage of the wasp feeds on the hosts tissues
-may emerge from its host to pupate or pupate within the body of its host. |
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Term
| what this Biological Control class will focus on |
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Definition
| the importance of natural mortality in pest management, as well as the active use of biological control agents as components of IPM strategies |
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Term
| what top-down forces do in food webs |
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Definition
| they ultimately influence the distribution and populations of the Consumers |
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|
Term
| what type of response is it when predators move into an area with high prey density |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what you want in a stable system |
|
Definition
| long-term pest suppression |
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|
Term
| when Cottony-Cushion Scale became a serious problem again and why |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| when IPM was officially recognized and by whom |
|
Definition
| 1972 by the Nixon administration |
|
|
Term
| when exponential growth can occur |
|
Definition
| when there are no limitations to growth |
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|
Term
| when genetic manipulation is used in IPM |
|
Definition
| in special cases, typically with pests that are spread over restricted areas, with limited immigration and emigration |
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|
Term
| when genetic manipulation works best in IPM |
|
Definition
| works best for pests that only mate once |
|
|
Term
| when ideas of population ecology began to develop |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| when population growth is said to be exponential |
|
Definition
| when the rate of growth of a population gets faster as the population gets bigger |
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|
Term
| when the type 1 functional response is fairly rare |
|
Definition
| when handling time is nearly zero and predators never become satiated |
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|
Term
| when were lady beetles recognized as a means of biological control for their consumption of aphids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is density dependence desirable in biological control? |
|
Definition
| because it can help relationships be stable |
|
|
Term
| why it's important to consider which traits are valuable for effective natural enemies |
|
Definition
| because if we have solid notions about what attributes are important, then we can target specific traits in natural enemies that may be of most use |
|
|
Term
| why metapopulations are good for biological control |
|
Definition
| because they encourage stability |
|
|
Term
| why most parasitic wasp species are rarely seen |
|
Definition
| because they're <1/8 inch long |
|
|
Term
| why plant resistance is economical |
|
Definition
| it reduces labor and material costs associated with pest management of the target pest |
|
|
Term
| why synchrony in time and space occurs both within and across seasons |
|
Definition
| because natural enemies must re-unite with their host/prey resources after conditions have improved |
|
|
Term
| why the type of pest is important |
|
Definition
| because it helps in developing sampling approaches |
|
|
Term
| why we study population dynamics |
|
Definition
| to help predict pest outbreaks and to understand how to best implement control tactics like biological control |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| predatory earwig (Labidura riparia) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adult stage of Harmonia axyridis (Asian multi-colored ladybeetle) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| larval stage of Harmonia axyridis (Asian multi-colored ladybeetle) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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