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| process of word formation which uses initial letters or sequences to form new words |
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| Also called derivation. A process by which new words may be formed by adding prefixes and suffixes. |
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| Any of the variant forms of a morpheme. For example, the phonetic (s) of cats (kts), (z) of pigs (pgz), and (z) horses (hôrsz) are allomorphs of the English plural morpheme. |
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| branch of language study that employs theory and description for practical purposes. (1st and 2nd language teaching, translation, language policy) |
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| the lack of natural connection between a sign and its meanings |
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| adjective precedes the noun it modifies |
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| Appear before the verb in statements, but move to the left in questions. (Helping verbs: is, am, are, was, were) |
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| type of shortening in which the portion of a word which appears to be an affix is removed. (emotion>emote, burglar>burgle) |
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| a process of word formation that joins the first part of one word with the last part of another word |
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| process by which words from other languages came to be used in English. |
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| a change in the part of speech of a word without the addition of a derivational morpheme. (functional shift, zero derivation) |
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| native speakers' unconscious knowledge of the rules of their language. |
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| the joining of two free morphemes to form a new word. (blue+berry=blueberry) |
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Definition
| A word, such as a noun, verb, or adjective, that has a statable lexical meaning, rather than indicating a syntactic function, as a function word does. |
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| Coordinating conjunctions |
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Definition
| A conjunction that connects two identically constructed or syntactically equal grammatical elements, such as or in They don't know whether they're coming or going. |
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| the set of possible referents for a word |
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| a bound morpheme which changes the meaning or part of speech of the word |
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Term
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| the overall description of a language system, or, in its more restricted sense, the objective description of the morphology and syntax of a language. |
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| A word belonging to a group of noun modifiers, which includes articles, demonstratives, possessive adjectives, and words such as any, both, or whose, and, in English, occupying the first position in a noun phrase or following another determiner. |
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| adjectives that describe qualities that can be measured in degrees. (Shows that a person or thing has more or less of a quality) (very angry, more modest) |
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| Function (structural) words |
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Definition
| A word, such as a preposition, a conjunction, or an article, that has little semantic content of its own and chiefly indicates a grammatical relationship. Also called form word, functor. |
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| One of two or more words that have the same sound and often the same spelling but differ in meaning, such as bank (embankment) and bank (place where money is kept). |
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| a complex expression which has a meaning different from the sum of the meanings of its parts. |
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| The formation or use of words such as buzz or murmur that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to. |
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| a bound morpheme that signals a change in grammatical function. |
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| a system of rules, unconsciously present in the mind, that enables humans to associate sounds or graphic symbols with meanings. |
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| the vocabulary of a language, an individual's unconscious inventory of words |
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| A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison, as in "a sea of troubles" or "All the world's a stage" (Shakespeare). |
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Definition
| A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or of the sword for military power. |
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| Originated with the Norman conquest of England in 1066. Marked by the borrowing of thousands of Old French words. |
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| 1500 on. From the time of Shakespeare to the KJV of the bible up 'til the present day when English has become a global language. |
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| the study of meaningful forms in a language, deals with units (morphemes) that can be combined to make up words. |
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| in which a term acquires a narrower meaning (starve=death now starve=malnourished death) |
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Term
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| 449-1100. Grammar was like that of modern German, with a case system and grammatical genders. Angles, Saxons, and Jutes contributed words. Some Latin words were borrowed. Old Norse contributed words near the end of the period. |
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| the use of language in specific situations (speaking, writing, listening, reading) |
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| the existence of several meanings in a single word |
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| an unsystematic and unusually arbitrary list of language "rules" most commonly associated with written language, formal usage, and conventions of "correctness". |
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| A word or phrase placed typically before a substantive and indicating the relation of that substantive to a verb, an adjective, or another substantive, as English at, by, with, from, and in regard to. |
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Definition
| the ability of a morpheme to form new words |
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| A linguistic form that expresses a contrast in quantity, as some, all, or many. |
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| reference (referential meaning) |
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| the connection between a linguistic expression and the entity to which it is applied. Mary dislikes roller coasters as she is afraid of heights. "She" is a reference to "Mary". Mary=referent, she=reference |
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Term
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Definition
| a personal pronoun compounded with -self to show the agent's action affects the agent |
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Term
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Definition
| a subset of a language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting. For example, an English speaker may adhere more closely to prescribed grammar, pronounce words ending in -ing with a velar nasal (e.g. "walking", not "walkin'") and refrain from using the word "ain't" when speaking in a formal setting, but the same person could violate all of these prescriptions in an informal setting. |
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Definition
| formed by repeating a word, usually with a change in one sound. (flim-flam, seesaw, flipflop) |
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Term
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| the basic constituent of a word, to which other morphemes are attached. |
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| the addition of new meaning to an already existing word. (as in photography: shutter, lens, negative.) |
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| the system of literal meanings of words and sentences in a language |
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| in semantics, a clearly distinguishable meaning of a word |
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| when words are shortened in conversation. information becomes info. |
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Term
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Definition
| a language variety used by a group of people in their public discourse.[1] Alternatively, varieties become standard by undergoing a process of standardization, during which it is organized for description in grammars and dictionaries and encoded in such reference works.[1] Typically, varieties that become standardized are the local dialects spoken in the centers of commerce and government, where a need arises for a variety that will serve more than local needs. |
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Term
| subordinating conjunction |
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Definition
| Subordinating conjunctions, also called subordinators, are conjunctions that introduce a dependent clause. The most common subordinating conjunctions in the English language include the following: after, although, as much as, as long as, as soon as, because, before, if, in order that, lest, since, so that, than, that, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, whether, and while. |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of phrases, clauses, and sentences in a language. |
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