The Academy (i.e. Academic Painting & its tradition)

Artists: David, Alexandre Cabanel, William Adolphe Bouguereau

Tenets:

* Standardization of style    

Antiquity, Raphael, & Poussin

Classical and Renaissance Models

Stress Composition and Human Form

Emphasis on History Painting

* Work of art is edifying—makes you better... meant to teach a moral

* Live models

* Figures pushed to the front

* Hierarchy of Art:

Hierarchy of Art:

1. History Painting

2. Portraiture

3. Genre scenes (religion, military, text) & still life

4. Landscapes

Realism

Artists: Daumier (but also a Romantic), Courbet,  Bonheur, Hunt, Manet (well off family, inspired by Goya)

Tenets:“Show me an angel and I’ll paint one” -Courbet

·         glorifying the peasants

·         Academics usually glorified the nobles, the great minds

·         Tattered and torn—harsh view of life

·         Figures are turned away from us

·         These are the guys that are really working

·         Lack of a focal point—everything is given the same amount of attention

·         “history painting”—supposed to be a better person after viewing—we are looking at the lowest of the low—anyone can cut rocks

·         Class struggle—give power to the poor, the “have nots”

Artists: Monet and Renoir 1869, Cassatt, Degas

Tenets:

·         Go into the environment, rather than draw in the studio

·         Art can be made everywhere!

·         Starting to look at nature, nature is the subject—people, places in nature

·         Painterly, you can see the brush strokes, texture

·         Able to capture light, color—capture that moment—cannot do that in long brushstrokes—need to work quickly to capture that impression

·         Tremendous amount of variance within impressionists

·         Renoir: focus on people-- ·         “a picture should be pretty”

·         Monet: focus on water

CAPTURE THE MOMENT

RAPID BRUSH STOKES

COLOR, LIGHT EMPHASIS

o    complementary and contrasting colors

o   Color can engage the viewer

o   No black—shadows reflect color

§  Vemeer’s method

WORK OUTDOORS AND IN SITUATION

o   Plein air painting

TECHNOLOGY

o   paint in metal tubes

o   not super expensive…don’t put paint in pig’s bladder

o   portable painting easels

o   industrial colors—cobalt violet, alizarin red…new colors! Artificial

RESPONDING TO CONTEMPORARY LIFE

o   Democratic subject matter

o   Show the modern world (no togas)

o   Embrace modern life

SKETCH IS THE FINAL PRODUCT

o   Work quickly

o   Women’s work?

o   Could pump out 2-3 in one single day! Not years and years for one piece

·         Retention of Personality

o   Always tell a Monet from a Renoir

Whistler

·         “art for art sake” the function of art is to be art

·         Visual sensation of seeing

o   Tonalism, synethesia

“nocturne”—same name as music movements, connect music and art, mood

Pissaro was the bridge from Impressionism to Post--taught Cezanne

·         Wildly different reactions to impressionism

·         Each takes it in entirely different direction

·         PAUL GAUGUIN

·         VAN GOGH

·         GEORGE SEURAT

·         PAUL CEZANNE

·         Has picked up color and the quick brush strokes

·         Emphasis on form—he likes impressionism but wants a more solid look

·         The dark outlining of the forms themselves—want to pull these shapes out

·         Things broken down into shapes—trying to create weight

·         Breaking things down into basic shape—one step away from cubism

George Seurat (1859-1891)

Desire to correct Impressionism

·         “Neo- Impressionism”

·         Pointillism or Divisionsm

o   Calculated placement of hundreds of small dots of color

o   Ben-day dots used in mechanical reproduction

·         Years not days

·         Methodical, precise, calculated

·         Extensive use of Chevreul’s theories of color

·         Influence of Puvis

o   Classical composition and calm—golden mean and composition

·         Subject—modern society

o   Still focus on contemporary life

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec

·         Aristocratic family

·         Family inbreeding

·         Growth stunted—midget

·         He will always see himself as an outsider—always in the periphery

·         Knew Van Gogh—small circle of friends and colleagues

·         Focus on THE UNDERWORLD, the NIGHTLIFE, the people who come out at night

·         Tahiti

·         Was a stockbroker

·         Had a family, kids

·         Living an honorable life

·         1885 he decides to ditch his family and wife and invest himself fully in art

·         Beings with impressionism, developing

·         He works with Pissaro

Pissaro: dealing with fields of color

1888 Gauguin looks beyond traditional influences of art

He goes to Brittany—finds purity, believes that modern society is corrupt and needed to escape

·         He wanted to be a “missionary in reverse”

·         Instead of imposing his will on those who are “lower” than you, we wants their ideas imposed upon him

       The Nabi (1891)- prophetic people, parallel nature (theosophy)  Led by Serusier

Intimism- Exploring intimate life at home, conflicting patterns on patterns, flat, claustrophobia

Symbolism

·         Dark readings

·         Death, crows

·         Exploring deep and rich aspects of life

·          ·         There are all sorts of different spheres that coexist—spirits, things that cannot be explained by sight and sense alone

·         All religions coming together

·         “eternal truth”

Formed 1891

(Nabiim=prophets Hebrew)

Parallel Nature

--parallel to us are all these universes that creep into each other

·         Spiritual, find an alternative path

Viennese succession

·         1897 breakoff from the Academies

·         New architecture

·         Gustav Klimt

Vienna

·         “youthful style”

o   Decorative

Arts and craft movement (1890-1930s)

William Morris and John Ruskin

Morris

·         “if you want a golden rule that will fit everything, this is it: have nothing in your house that you do not know to be useful or believe to be beautiful”

·         Wallpapers—utilitarian, anyone can own it

·         Try to elevate the lower classes—wallpaper to better your life, make you a better person

1901 Van Gogh

Expressionist Movements

Fauvism—the “wild beasts” of color

·         “a renewal of expression”

Matisse

(The Bridge)

German Expressionism (1905-1913)

Paris and france different from Dresden

·         Linking two different things together---about the change and the transfer of things

·         Color is still important

·         The forms are harsh, coarse can play out in painting as well as wood blocks

·         Look back to Grunwald

o   Unusual forms

o   Physical forms can convey emotion

o   Use art to represent what is happening on the inside

**Kirchner**

·         Expressionistic group

·         1911-1914 Munich Succession

·         Pulling away from establishment

·         Blue

Art Nouveau-(1890s-early 1900s)

(Jugendstil, Modernisme, Arts and Craft Movement. . .) not like the single isms, but rather a decorative style that permeates a wider range of forms, such as furniture, etc. The love of organic motifs and flowers, etc. Why the emphasis on organic form? Can't be created by a machine, not prefabricated, etc. The Tassel house/hotel is a prime example of art nouveau. The triumphant return of craftsmanship and artistry. A utopian idea that the outside world can change the inside character of people

Academic Paintings

Show is held every 2 years

Placement of art is important: all works that were considered “good” were at eye level.  The others were placed sky-high. (On the line, floored, skied). Most attendees were aristocrats but on Sundays it was opened up to the public

How artists got their name out

1725 Salon moves to the Louvre

The Ecole des Beaux Arts:

(Founded in 1648)

1666 Formation of the Prix de Rome

·         Cream of the crop can go to Rome and study

place where academics congregated

The French Academy:

Founded 1648

Louis XIV

“The Sun King” solidified Academy

1661?  centralized by Louis XIV Colbert & Le Brun (1683)

By the end of the 18th century, academies were in all big cities.

antiquity= glorified past

Influenced by traditional French painter Poussin

* geometric arragement of figures

* ancient relief sculpture

* a true academic

Academic

Pupil of David and a Poussinist ( classical, based on figure, anatomy)

       Recipient of the Prix de Rome 1801

       Antithesis of the Delecroix and Realists

·         “it takes thirty years to learn to draw, three days to paint”

o   The line is paramount, paint is just coloring in the lines

Ingres can draw, one of the best in an academic framework

* influence of Renaissance Classicalism (Raphael)

* exotic themes, violent movement, intense emotion, Baroque color, loose brushstroke,

* drawn to Shakespeare

* juxtaposed colors in blocks (influenced the Impressionists)

* leader of the generation of 1830

France 1848

Louis-Philippe “citizen king” governed as constitutional monarch, assumed greater authority--limiting the rights of citizenry and the press, toppled in 1848 and France’s Second Republic began

Driven by MARXISMS, classisms, the haves and the have nots

Age of Flaubert, Balzac, Dickens, Zola

·         Realist

·         Don’t care from aristocracy

Baron von Haussmann modernization of Paris

·         Transform—huge boulevards, monuments

·         New modern society

190 Brothels in Paris (employ 13% of population)

“pornogracy”

ART and SEX (supported by Napoleon III)

Paris will be the center of the world

Liszt, Hugo, Manet, Delacroix, Rossini, George Sand

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (Napolean III), not good at war tactics, disasterous Franco-Prussian War--collapse of Second Empire in 1870

Back to academics

·         Composition

·         Focal points

·         Knows the figure, anatomy

·         Subjectwise—coming from the past, classic

       venuses

Realist, Romantic

Lithographic drawing in French journals, sculptor and painter

**“The Painter of Modern Life”

Bauldaire

·         Wants to be artist not to be a window to the past but LIFE—what they see around them

* David painted in HIS day--we should paint in ours

* takes courage to find a new style

* non modernity is laziness

Realist novelist

·         Member of this select society

·         Realism

·         Writing in a realistic way

o    The Effect

Flat

o   Generalization

o   Cartoon-like

o   Nature focused, simple

o   Linear perspective doesn’t exist

o   Striking diagonal lines—off the block

o   The horizon is not horizontal

o   Asymmetrical

o   Chromatic harmonies, tones of colors

o   Two dimensional

o   Tonality

Japanaiserie

: THE STUFF

·         The Orient—influence floods into America

·         Vogue in artistic circulates across Europe

o   Will influence design, photography

·         Jewish, had travelled the world

·         Level headed, he will be the important bridge between impressionism and post-impressionism—he will teach the next contemporaries

Landscape

·         Start to see fields of color instead of individual brush strokes

·         Zones of color—instead of blending

Synethesia:

the combination of the senses (during Tonalism movement and Kandinsky)

the dangerous woman

Manet's Olympia