In Bowen, Anxiety is defined as?

An organism's response to a threat, real or imagined

In Bowen, the Process of managing one's individuality and togetherness within a relationship system that involves having the ability to distinguish between feeling and intellectual process describes what?

Differentiation of self

In Bowen, Process of gaining control over one's emotional reactivity to one's family; developing ability to be an objective observer addresses what?

Defining Self

In Bowen, Dynamic that occurs when one is involved in an emotional issue involving 2 other people and remains neutral describes what?

Detriangling 

In Bowen, Ways people borrow or lend self to another person; does not function independently of the other captures what idea?

Fusion 

 In Bowen, this tool to identify individual members within a family to identify different relationship patterns between the family members over multiple generations. 

What is it?

a genogram

In Bowen, Systems Thinking is defined as?  

process of understanding how, what, when, and where an event happened and influences within a whole

In Bowen, Triangle is defined as?  

three person emotional configuration. A 2 party relationship uses a third party to ease anxiety/tension

In what year did Bowen graduate from U of TN Medical School, beginning his internship in New York?

1937

In what years was Bowen in service at an active duty medic during WWII?

1941 - 1946

In what year did Bowen start training in psych at Menninger Foundation?

1946

In what year did Bowen initiate residential treatment of mothers and children?

1951

In what years did Bowen move to Nat. Inst of Mental Health and work with Anxiety within families?

1954 - 1959

In what year did Bowen found Georgetown Family Center?

1975

In what year was Bowen born?

1913

In what year did Bowen die?

1990

In Bowen, the development of dysfunction _____ anxiety (chronic and acute)

Increases

In Bowen, in the development of dysfunction there are two lower differentiation levels.  What are they?

High emotional reactivity

Fused-inability to function independently

In Bowen, in the development of dysfunction an identified client may focus on _____.

Other's mistakes/issues vs Self-Focus

In Bowen, in the development of dysfunction chronic anxiety is said to be caused by physical and emotional reactions not governed by ____

consciousness/logical thought

In Bowen, in the development of dysfunction chronic anxiety is a response to several factors.  Name three of them

crisis

loss

conflict

struggles

stressors

In Bowen, in the development of dysfunction chronic anxiety, triangles often form during _______?

Intense periods of anxiety

In Bowen, in the development of dysfunction emotional fusion is based on anxious attachment:

Either overly ____

or overly _____ 

dependent

isolated

In Bowen, in the development of dysfunction emotional fusion can indicate that the differentiation level of a person/family unit maybe higher if they can  ______ towards stressors and look at it _____

separate their emotions

logically

In Bowen, the role of the therapist is to be what?

Coach/consultant

In Bowen, the role of the therapist is to teach family members how ___ and ___

emotional systems work

patterns form

In Bowen, the role of the therapist is to stay ______

emotionally detriangled

In Bowen, the role of the therapist is to model for the client how to communicate to one another using what ?

I positions

In Bowen, the role of the therapist is to ask questions that reveal family ____, ____, ____ etc.

functioning

patterns

history

In Bowen, the role of the therapist is to understand and accept how an individual contributes efforts in the family unit by using _____ vs _____

self-focus

other-focus

In Bowen, the theory of change is more about the ____ of being human than it is about families or family therapy

nature

In Bowen, the theory of change the level of _____ is the central change process.

differentiation

In Bowen, the theory of change focuses on _____ and the systems impact on each person's behavior, symptoms and emotions.

unique emotional system

In Bowen, the theory of change examines a client's ______ to understand present functioning.

early relationship

In Bowen, the theory of change traces ________ and ______ dynamics to understand client's complaint.

transgenerational

extended family dynamics

In Bowen, the theory of change promotes insight into _____ to facilitate change.

extended family dynamics

In Bowen, the theory of change it is important to identify and alter _____ and ____ of behaviors that were learned in the family of origin.

destructive beliefs

patterns

In Bowen, the theory of change, differentiation of self is?

understanding intrapersonal & interpersonal- finding a balance

In Bowen, the theory of change, differentiation has two aspects.

What are they?

Intrapersonal-feelings vs thoughts

Interpersonal - togetherness vs individuality

In Bowen, the theory of change, what is the focus of systems thinking?

the structure of the whole family

In Bowen, the theory of change, differentiation of self is the ____ of the therapist and the goal for families/clients.

primary tool

In Bowen, the theory of change, the focus on change is ?

Changing self, not others

In Bowen, the theory of change, the therapist needs to manage _____?

triangles

In Bowen, stages of change in regards to decreasing anxiety is by becoming _____

more differentiated

In Bowen, stages of change is to accept ______ with the family and in life.

responsibility for self

In Bowen, stages of change is to ______ differentiation in one or more family members.

increase

In Bowen, stages of change is to decrease ______ to chronic anxiety.

emotional reactivity

Who developed what a paradox directive technique is?

Milton Erickson

In what year did Bateson receive a grant to study paradox in communication, and worked with Jay Haley, John Weakland and Don Jackson in Palo Alto?

1952

In what year did Don Jackson found the MRI with Richard Fisch, Haley, Paul Watzlawick, and Weakland?

1959

In what year did Haley join Salvador Minuchin at the Philadelphia Child Guidance Clinic,

studies training and supervision?

1967

In what year was The MRI model developed by Watzlawick, Weakland, and Fisch?

1974

In what year did Haley moves to DC, founds the Family Therapy Institute with Cloe Madanes,

Haley and Madanes establish The Washington School -

Haley-Madanes model is a blend of structural theory and strategic methods?

1976

What are the three models in Strategic Family Therapy?

1. MRI's Brief Therapy

2. Haley-Madanes Strategic Therapy

3. The Milan Systemic Model

a problem-centered and pragmatic approach that is more

interested in creating change in behavior rather than change in “understanding” addresses what concept?

Strategic Thinking

Assignments to be performed inside and outside of the therapeutic session. Talks about this key term in Strategic Family Therapy?

Directives

Can be positive or negative, patterns of communication that link together in chains of stimulus and response. Positive exacerbates problem, negative diminishes problem.

Talks about this key term in Strategic Family Therapy?

Feedback loops

If clients are uncomfortable around a topic, Erickson would come up with a metaphor or analogy to let them address the problems, just not directly. Can be in

the form of a discussion or a directive.

Talks about this key term in Strategic Family Therapy?

Metaphoric Task

 Technique in which the therapist instructs the client to continue to perform the symptomatic behavior all the time or between certain times - creating a double bind whether or not the client follows

through, they’ve performed a second order change. Used when family members may be

more likely to follow a directive if they’re unaware that the therapist has given one. 

  Talks about this key term in Strategic Family Therapy?

Paradox Directives (therapeutic Double Bind)

Changing the meaning of the presenting problem so that the family changes the way they see the problem.

 Talks about this key term in Strategic Family Therapy?

Reframing

A repetitive pattern is halted through the addition of a radically different behavior.

Talks about this key term in Strategic Family Therapy?

Unbalancing

when family members attempt to solve a problem repeatedly with the same solution to various degrees, talks about this Strategic Family Therapy theory of change?

First Order Change

Allows the system to shift to a

new level of homeostasis and allows for permanent change and changes the system rules talks about this Strategic Family Therapy theory of change?

Second Order Change

In Strategic Family Therapy there are three ways dysfunction develops.  What are they?

1. Cybernetic

2. Structural

3. Functional

Difficulties are turned into chronic problems by misguided solutions, forming positive feedback escalations.

This talks about a Strategic Family Therapy development of dysfunction.  What is it?

Cybernetic

Problems are the result of incongruous hierarchies.

This talks about a Strategic Family Therapy development of dysfunction.  What is it?

Structural

Problems result when people try to protect or control one another covertly, so their systems serve a function for the system.

This talks about a Strategic Family Therapy development of dysfunction.  What is it?

Functional

Generally, the role is to create a strategy that sets clear goals and looks to solve the presenting problem. Designs intervention appropriate for the client’s social situation.

This talks about what in Strategic Family Therapy?

The Therapist's Role

To help people move to the next stage of family life by preventing distressing sequences of actions from repeating. Accomplished by interrupting covert

hierarchical structure and family alliances. Haley’s ultimate goal is frequently to structurally reorganize the family, especially its hierarchy and generational

boundaries.

This addresses what part of Strategic Family Therapy?

Goals of Therapy

This goal of strategic therapy is to produce favorable results as quickly and efficiently as

possible, sessions generally stick to the 50-60 minute standard, as for how long it takes

to produce change it varies depending on the client and when they have results that are

satisfactory to them. Sessions could continue anywhere between 4-12 months?

Which Strategic Model is this goal talking about?

MRI

 People are always communicating, 

All messages have report and command functions,

To change family organizational patterns and alleviate the problem, the routine they use to communicate has to be altered.

This describes what strategic Family Therapy theoretical basis?

Axiom

Resistant clients? Don’t engage in a power struggle, accept

and encourage the resistance. By doing this you interpret the client’s resistance as compliance and put them in a double bind where they cooperate no matter what.

This talks about this Strategic intervention or technique?

Encouraging resistance

Providing this worse alternative helps build autonomy

and lets the client make the decision themself.

This talks about this Strategic intervention or technique?

Providing a worse alternative

If clients are uncomfortable around a topic, Erickson would come up with a metaphor or analogy to let them address the problems just not directly. Metaphors are

also crucial to Haley’s approach.

This talks about this Strategic intervention or technique?

Metaphors

Used because he wanted clients to feel as bad as they did prior to therapy, so they could see if there was anything they missed or wanted to recover

from that time period”

This talks about this Strategic intervention or technique?

Encouraging relapse

Used for uncooperative clients. Asking a

question and not allowing the client to answer it, or by saying something untrue about

the client that frustrates them and forces them to explain themselves.

This talks about this Strategic intervention or technique?

Encouraging a response by frustrating it

Making a client feel special talks about this Strategic intervention or technique? 

Emphasizing the positive

Present client with new information, let them get used to it. Later you can re-present the information and it won’t seem so new/strange.

This talks about this Strategic intervention or technique? 

Seeding ideas

Take the deviation present in the family and amplify to the

point where the family has to reorganize into a new set of patterns because they can’t maintain the old ones.

This talks about this Strategic intervention or technique? 

Amplifying a deviation

Therapist sets rules, boundaries, and structure within the

family - these directives encourage the client to modify existing patterns of interactions which are causing problems.

This talks about this Strategic intervention or technique? 

Straightforward directive

Restraining, metaphors, ridiculous tasks, and paradox directives.

This talks about this Strategic intervention or technique? 

Indirect directive

Encourages the client to undergo significant change in a short amount of time. As the therapist, you create an ordeal that’s worse than the issue. “The

distress from the ordeal will result in a change within the system”

This talks about this Strategic intervention or technique? 

Ordeal interrvention

the client is urged not to change because of the complexity of their issues. Addresses the misconception that change must be immediate and permanent or it

doesn’t matter

This talks about this Strategic intervention or technique? 

Restraining

A repetitive pattern is stopped through the introduction of a drastically different behavior. 

This talks about this Strategic intervention or technique?

Unbalancing

Who was responsible for starting the Milan Group that eventually became Milan Associates?

Mara Selvini Palazzoli

In what year did Mara Selvini Palazzoli, a psychiatrist discontent with the slowness and lack of

results during individual psychotherapy set up a working group, eventually becoming Milan Associates.

Milan thinkers also influenced by the Mental Research Institute (MRI) in Palo

Alto, helped them shift from psychoanalytic therapy to a systemic approach?

1967

Milan Center for the Study of the Family established. Began to experiment with conjoint family therapy.

In what year did this happen?

1971

In what year did the Milan group discover Bateson’s circular epistemology. This shifts the focus from linear thinking to circular systems thinking?

1972

In what year did the Milan group split?

Selvini Palazzoli and Prata go to research, Boscolo and Cecchin focus on circular questioning - develop the post-Milan approach.

1980

Most distinctive innovation from Milan. Similar

to reframing, but positive connotations look for the ways that the symptom works to

maintain the family homeostasis. Avoids the implication that family

members benefit from the symptoms.

What Milan key term does this address?

Positive connotations

Irreverent toward the “catastrophic” appearance of problems. Therapists don’t give into appearances because appearances are deceiving. Irreverence is in the

therapist’s confidence and unpanicked responses, not disrespect or thoughtlessness of

clients problems.

What Milan key term does this address?

Irreverence

Unacknowledged strategies and destructive patterns of family interaction in which members attempt to control each other’s behavior.

What Milan key term does this address?

Games

In assessing families, paid close attention to language and

expressions. Descriptions of self and others shape lived reality. Global labels (e.g. I am

depressed) should change to noting the action (when I act depressed). Allows for times

when a person is not actually depressed

What Milan key term does this address?

Tyranny of Linguistics

Designed to shift clients from thinking

about individuals and linear causality toward reciprocity and interdependence -

questions emphasize the relations, “if you were to divorce, which parent would the

children live with” is a circular question as it forces the client to engage with realities of

relationships within the family.

What Milan key term does this address?

Circular Questioning

An intervention that isn’t varied across families. Used mostly with families with kids who are labeled anorexic or schizophrenic. Intended to sever covert coalitions between a parent and child. Parents are instructed to go on a date and not to tell where they are going or why. Supposed to create a secret between the parents that creates a boundary and breaks the coalition. The child loses the “confidant” status

What Milan key term does this address?

Invariant Prescription

Change occurs when the family is able to see their problem in a more systemic and

healthy way, such as by recognizing that the problem may serve a goal. Use of relationship-centered questions helps reveals new ways of thinking and

relating to the problem describes this about the Milan Model.

Theory of change

In Milan therapy, each family member must change as opposed to just the symptomatic member - this changes the rules of the system (second order

change).  The therapist will notice a change in how family members view issues. As opposed to seeing them as individual issues, they’ll see problems as family

problems.

What part of the Milan theory of change does this address?

Process of change

Milan therapy doesn’t try to prescribe what “normal” is to a family and lets them decide that for themselves - works off of that as the baseline.

The presenting symptom serves a function by helping to maintain the family system’s

homeostasis.

What part of the Milan Modle does this address?

Development of Dysfunction

Milan therapy uses a team of therapists - one male and one female “co-therapist” as well as a team of other therapists who watch the sessions from behind a

one-way mirror. 

- Be curious and creative. 

- Remain neutral, resist being involved in triangles/family coalitions 

- Look to identify patterns of interactions between family members 

- Look for “openings” (a difference in belief among family members). The therapist

works with the motivated family member to help the family see problems in a new

way.

This list comprises what about Milan Model?

Therapist Role

a. The family system is taught how to accommodate and adjust to

changes to enable new “game” systems to emerge.

b. New information and family game rules receive accommodation so

that symptoms stop developing.

c. Aside from this, the family is encouraged to set their own goals.

What are these three things addressing in the Milan Modle?

Goals of Therapy

There are six phases of Milan Therapy over the course of treatment.  Which phase are you in at this point?

Joining and Building Rapport - therapist introduces him/herself, introduces the

team behind the mirror. Therapists should be curious, looking to understand individual

members’ stories. Stay neutral, the behind-mirror therapists work to develop

hypotheses.

Phase 1

There are six phases of Milan Therapy over the course of treatment.  Which phase are you in at this point?

Understanding the presenting issue - Important for both therapist and the team to see what benefit the problem is providing to the family. Using this, the therapist

uses positive connotation. Taking what the family construes as the issue and reframing

so they can see how it’s needed to maintain the family homeostasis.

Phase 2

There are six phases of Milan Therapy over the course of treatment.  Which phase are you in at this point?

Assessing family dynamics - Look for relational dynamics and patterns of interaction between family members as the questions are asked and answered.

Perhaps make statements out loud about the system’s behavior to help them

understand the positive reasons why the issue may exist.

Phase 3

There are six phases of Milan Therapy over the course of treatment.  Which phase are you in at this point?

Goals - There are no set goals, if the topic comes up, the family sets goals because the goal of Milan therapy is to get the family to fix itself on its own - once they

see the issue as well as the positive/negatives of it they’re more able to address it

independently.

Phase 4

There are six phases of Milan Therapy over the course of treatment.  Which phase are you in at this point?

Amplifying change - During the phase, the family deals with the realization that

issues aren’t all negative. Read their reactions. Whether they accept your explanation or

not, the process has changed their view and boosted the chances something will

change.

Phase 5

There are six phases of Milan Therapy over the course of treatment.  Which phase are you in at this point?

Termination - The family decides when to terminate.

Phase 6

This Intervention/Technique used in Milan Therapy consists of a method of confirming or disconfirming necessary information about how the family functions. Observation-based, these ___ are initially developed during the phone call and further refined by both the therapists in the room and those observing on the other side of the mirror. Discussion after the session occurs

Hypotheses

This technique used in Milan therapy is not a cold, unfeeling neutrality but a willingness to consider each

family member’s point of view. Perhaps better defined as “curiosity”.  

Neutrality

Structural Theory was introduced by who?

Salvador Minuchin

What structural key term consists of individual systems that comprise a larger system?

Subsystems

What structural key term describes two or more people join and form a coalition against one or more family members.

Covert Coalitions

What structural key term describes barriers that regulate the amount and type of contact one has with others?

Boundaries

What structural key term was developed by the therapist based on information and facts provided by the family?

Focus of treatment

What structural key term is the process where therapist enters the family system as a "leader"?

Joining and accommodating

What structural key term is used to view the structure of the family that highlights interactions, patterns and conflicts.

Family Maps

What structural key term is a technique where therapists ask the family to enact a situation to observe how they respond and communicate with each other.

Enactments

What structural key term is used to establish or strengthen the structural boundaries within a system or subsystem of a family?

Boundary Marking

What structural key term is used for altering the hierarchical relationship of members within a subsystem.

Unbalancing

What structural key term is used for discovering a family's view of reality and challenging that reality by educating the family on an appropriate family structure.

Challenging assumptions

What structural key term is used for repetition of a message received from the family to change the distance between people involved in a transaction (Example: "When did you divorce your husband and marry your son?")

Affective Intensity

What are the three constructs of structural theory?

1. Family Structure

2. Subsystems

3. Boundaries

The way a family is organized into subsystems whose interactions are regulated by interpersonal boundaries describes this construct of structural therapy.

Family structure

Under the constructs of structural family regarding family structure. What goes on in one part of the family is affected by the organization of the whole system, talks about this.

Organizational Framework

Under the constructs of structural family regarding family structure. Patterns are set and roles are assigned, leaving family members to use only a fraction of options available. 

Enduring patterns

Under the constructs of structural family regarding family structure. Established rules in a family structure. (i.e. family members should always look out for one another).

Exceptions

Under the constructs of structural family regarding family structure.

This helps shape family structure.

Constraints

This constraint is basic family hierarchical structure with adults and children having different amounts of authority.

Universal Constraints

This constraint is self-perpetuating pattern specific to a subsystem within the family structure.

Idiosyncratic Constraint

Under the constructs of structural family regarding Subsystems. this independent but isolated, fosters autonomy but limits affection and support.

Disengaged subsystem

Differentiation within families based on generation, gender, and function that are demarcated by interpersonal boundaries.  Talks about this construct of structural theory.

Subsystems

Under the constructs of structural family regarding Subsystems.Balance of independence and closeness talks about this.

Normal range subsystem

Under the constructs of structural family regarding Subsystems. This offers closeness, but at the expense of independence.  Too much closeness cripples imitative.

Enmeshed Subsystem

This construct of structural theory is when invisible barriers that regulate the amount and type of contact one has with others. Directly associated with the interaction and communication within a subsystem.

Boundaries

Under the constructs of structural family regarding boundaries. This boundary is restrictive and permit little contact with outside subsystems, resulting in disengagement.

Rigid Boundary

Under the constructs of structural family regarding boundaries. This boundary is normal range, promotes interaction but excludes individuals from subsystems that they should not be a part of. Supports the hierarchical family structure.

Clear Boundary

Under the constructs of structural family regarding boundaries. This boundary is characterized by intense levels of communication and over involvement. Apparent when the behavior of one member in the system immediately affects the entire system. Result in enmeshment.

Diffuse Boundary

when external pressures or developmental transitions encountered by the family or one of its members causes modifications or changes in the structure of the family. Healthy families accommodate to changed circumstances; dysfunctional families increase the rigidity of structures that are no longer working. Examples: parent laid off, family moves, child reaches adolescence, parent retires, divorce and remarriage. 

Modifications in structure

conflicts brought on by the inability of a family to readjust their boundaries.  This can happen with blended families of divorce and remarriage. Can include: not allowing a stepparent into the parental subsystem may result in child abuse or chronic arguing between parents

Transitional Conflicts

boundaries are rigid and the family fails to mobilize support or make modifications in structure when needed. 

Disengaged Families (Subsystems)

may be unaware that a child is depressed or experiencing difficulties at school until the problem is advanced 

Disengaged Parents

boundaries are diffuse and family members become dependent on one another. 

Enmeshed Families (Subsystems)

create difficulties by stunting the development of their children and interfering with their ability to solve their own problems.  Can create behavior problems, phobias, and fears in children. 

Intrusive Parents

family functioning based on clear generational boundaries where the parents maintain control and authority.  A family’s must be functional for it to be stable, and flexible so it can adapt and change.

Hierarchical Structure

In this hierarchical structure children may feel unprotected due to lack of guidance 

Rigid or Unfair

In this hierarchical structure children’s growth as individuals bay be impaired and power struggles may ensue. 

Weak and Ineffective

a means of detouring conflict by displacing it on someone else in the family. When parents are unable to resolve conflicts between themselves, divert the focus of concern onto a child.

Scapegoating

an inappropriate alliance between a parent and child, who side together against a third member of the family.  Parents argue through the child. 

Cross-Generational Coalition

One of the roles of an SFTs restructure how a family has organized itself, they then work to alter dysfunctional family patterns in order to reduce symptoms in _____.

identified patients

A Role of an SFTs they are commonly called stage therapists as they direct who talks to who, who doesn’t talk, and who sits where; this is called ______ 

enactment

Under the role of the therapist this tries to help create permeable boundaries and subsystems in order to identify which family member belongs to which ______ (for example there are spousal, parental, and sibling subsystems) 

subsystem

In the role of the therapist, according to Minuchin, the family therapist’s task is to break the certainty of what the problem is or who the problem is; this confusion helps family members to rethink their ____ and also encourages them to try out new ___

roles

A role of the structural therapist job is to modify the family’s present situation, not explore the past; the goal is to intervene in the ____ to bring change

present

This role of the structural therapist is to assume the _____ role

leadership

One of the roles of the structural therapist is to allow the _______ to provide benefits for each family member.

structural process

A role of the structural therapist is to resolve problems while ______

encouraging growth

In structural family therapy one of the ____ has been met when the family restructures itself and has freed its members allowing them to relate to one another.

therapeutic goal

A goal in structural therapy is to alter the ______of a therapy so that its members are able to solve their own problems

organization

In structural therapy ____ change is the goal and _____ solving is a by-product

structural

problem 

A goal in structural therapy, structural problems are viewed as a failure to adjust to what?

Change

Every family is different, structural goals remain relatively constant: 

The three goals are?

1. To create an effective hierarchy

2. For parents to be in charge

3. Parents should not relate to their children as equals

When a relationship has set _______, it may become enmeshed; enmeshed relationships have too much closeness, causing closeness to be at the expense of one’s own independence

poor boundaries

With families who are enmeshed, the goal is to ______ in order to differentiate between individuals and subsystems

strengthen boundaries

With disengaged families, the therapeutic goal is to _____ between family members in order to make boundaries more permeable

increase contact

One of the goals of structural therapy is to transform the family structure and reconstruct subsystems as a means to eliminate the ______

presenting problem

One of the goals of structural therapy is to create a well-defined and very _______

Structured system

One of the goals of structural therapy is to establish what?

a generational hierarchy

One of the goals of structural family therapy is to establish a healthy and maintainable ____

Parental coalition

One of the goals of structural family therapy is to establish a _____

spousal subsystem

One of the goals of structural family therapy is to establish _______ between each family member as well as each subsystem.

clear boundaries

What are the three phases of structural therapy?

1. Joining and accommodating

2. Mapping Family Structure

3. Intervening

The processes in which the therapist enters the family system in a hierarchical stance as the “leader” describes this phase of structural therapy.

Joining and Accommodating

The structure of the family system is assessed and determined through the construction and conceptualization of a family map describes this phase of structural therapy.

Mapping Family Structure

Where the therapist intervenes with techniques and strengthens and clarify structure and boundaries describes this phase of structural therapy.

Intervening

The family map is a static entity that identifies each family member’s position in the family while highlighting interaction patterns, conflicts, and coalitions is part of this phase of structural therapy.

Mapping Family Structure

In the process of mapping, the therapist devises an initial hypothesis, compiles diagnostic info, and begins initial goal setting procedures is part of this phase of structural therapy.

Mapping Family Structure

Interventions are applied while focusing on restructuring the family system to address the problem is part of this phase of structural therapy.

Intervening

In structural therapy ____ requires that the entire family be addressed and included to appropriately determine structure and boundaries.

Assessment

Ask questions about the presenting complaint until family members begin to see that the problem goes beyond the symptom bearer to include the entire family. This refers to which of the four steps of assessment in structural?

First

Help family members see how their interactions may be perpetuating the presenting problem. This refers to which of the four steps of assessment in structural?

Second

A brief exploration of the past, focusing on how the adults in the family came to develop the perspectives that influence their interactions. This refers to which of the four steps of assessment in structural?

Third

Explore options that family members might take to interact in more productive ways to create a shift in the family structure and help resolve the presenting complaint.

This refers to which of the four steps of assessment in structural therapy?

fourth

The assessment of the system’s structure most critically includes these four things.

1. Boundaries

2. Complementarity

3. Hierarchy

4. Conflict Management

This technique in Structural therapy Opens the way for family members to begin listening to each other and establishes a bond with the therapist that enables them to accepts the challenges to come  

Joining

This technique in Structural therapy

______ is the technique by which the therapist asks the family to dance in his/her presence

Enactment

In ______, the therapist observes each client in the here and now while interacting, responding, and behaving in a natural manner. 

enactments

Working with _____ requires three operations:

i. First, the therapist notices a problematic sequence

ii. Second, the therapist initiates an _____

iii. Third, the therapist guides the family to modify the ____ 

enactments

enactment

When an enactment breaks down, a therapist intervenes in one of two ways.  Which are?

i. Commenting on what went wrong

ii. Pushing them to keep going 

The first way Minuchin identified six areas to assess for when observing interaction was.

Family structure and transactional patterns 

The second way Minuchin identified six areas to assess for when observing interaction was.

Flexibility and the ability to restructure

The third way Minuchin identified six areas to assess for when observing interaction was.

Resonance

The fourth way Minuchin identified six areas to assess for when observing interaction was.

Family life context

The fifth way Minuchin identified six areas to assess for when observing interaction was.

family life developmental state

The sixth way Minuchin identified six areas to assess for when observing interaction was.

Ways the problem issue is maintained through family interactions

Family maps are constructed through observations and interactions with the family during the process of joining and accommodating describes this structural technique.

Structural Mapping

when using structural mapping it is important to develop _____ relatively early in the process 

structural hypotheses

Once families begin to interact, problematic transactions emerge. Recognizing their structural implications requires focusing on process, not content with the trick being to modify the pattern refers to this structural technique.

Highlighting and Modifying Interactions

When using highlighting and modifying interactions structural therapists achieve ___ by selective regulation of affect, repetition, and duration. 

Intensity

Tone, volume, pacing, and choice of words can be used to raise the affective intensity of interventions when using highlighting and modifying interactions describes this.

Intensity

In Highlighting and Modifying Interaction an alternate strategy is to use ____ to help family members get beneath the surface of their defensive wrangling 

empathy

In Highlighting and Modifying Interaction _____ is another method of modifying interactions Like altering the direction of the flow 

Shaping competence

In enmeshed families, interventions are designed to strengthen boundaries.  Family members are urged to speak for themselves, interruptions are blocked, and dyads are helped to finish conversations without intrusion.  The above describes this technique in structural therapy.

Boundary Marking

With Boundary Making ________ tend to avoid conflict – a structural therapist intervenes to challenge conflict avoidance and block detouring in order to help disengaged family members break down the walls between them 

Disengaged families

With Boundary Making structural therapists move family discussions from linear to circular perspectives by stressing _______.

complementary

This structural technique families enter a therapeutic situation with “their framing of the problem and their framed solution”

Reframing

With reframing the therapist then modifies and reframes in relational terms to establish a more effective framing and a more _______ 

constructive perspective

With reframing-

enacting, focusing, and intensity are used in the process of reframing by allowing the family to experience the transactions, display new meaning, and challenge ___ unproductive familial frames

unproductive 

under structural therapy techniques the goal is to change the relationship within a subsystem.  What often keeps families stuck in stalemate is that members in conflict are balanced in opposition and, as a result, remain frozen in inaction.   What is this? 

Unbalancing

In unbalancing, the therapist joins and supports one individual or subsystem.  Ultimately, balance and fairness are achieved because the therapist sides in turn with _____ of the family

various members

In unbalancing, the therapist joins and supports one individual or subsystem. They “take sides” to ____ and realign the system 

unbalance

This structural technique is changing the way family members interact offers alternative views of their situation. Changing the way family members view their situation enables them to change the way they interact. Effective challenges describe what people are doing and its consequences.

Challenging Unproductive Assumptions

This structural technique is the term Minuchin used to refer to gathering members’ communication contents and using them in conversation with the family 

Tracking

Under Tracking  the therapist uses the same level of _____ as the family 

vocabulary

This experiential leader was born in 1912 in Raymodville, NY on a dairy farm.

Carl Whitaker

In what years at the University of Wisconsin Whitaker introduced himself as a family therapist using the symbolic experiential approach.

1965 to 1982

In what year did Whitaker become a child psychiatry intern at University of Lousiville, College of Medicine, KY

1940

In what years did Whitaker work with delinquent adolescents at Ormsby Village.

1941 - 1944

In what years did Whitaker serve as chair of Emory University's Department of Psychology.

1946 to 1956

This Experiential leader was born in 1916.

Virginia Satir

In what years did Satir become director of Training at Mental Research Institute (MRI), emphasized communication.

1959 - 1966

In what year did Satir begin seeing families in private practice in Chicago.

1951

In what year did Satir setup a training program at the Illinois State Psychiatric Institute 

1955

In what years did Satir become  Director of Training at Mental Research Institute (MRI), emphasized communication 

1959 - 1966

In what year did Satir become -Director of the Esalen Institute in Big Sur, CA 

1966

This key term in Experiential therapy is a stage of early therapy where the therapist actively interviews the family and sets session rules.

Battle for structure

This key term in Experiential therapy is a stage in the therapeutic process where the responsibility of the session shifts to the family 

Battle for initiative

 For Satir, this key term includes blamer, or a person blaming others for everything that goes wrong, never takes responsibility. Respects themselves but not others. 

Blaming

 For Satir, this key term talks of family system having poor communication patterns, inflexible rules and growth inhibiting patterns. 

Closed System

 For Satir, this key term used in family sculpting exercises where members of a family are positioned, or posed, in a portrait of how the family dynamics/relationships are felt and perceived. 

Communication Stances

  this experiential therapy key term is used in Trial of Labor to aid the family to take therapist to a painful experience (i.e. double meanings) 

Confusion

  this experiential therapy key term is used in Trial of Labor to aid the family to take therapist to a painful experience (i.e. double meanings) 

Confusion

  this experiential therapy key term uses communication that is clear, direct and uses awareness of personal and others' needs. 

Congruence

  Key term that creates critical change factor in symbolic-experiential therapy. Involves an authentic meeting of the therapist and client in the present moment without the customer social pretenses.  The client and therapist are transformed.

Existential Encounter

  this experiential therapy key term is  an enmeshed relationship to the point of unclear or no boundaries between the I and the We 

Fusion

  this experiential therapy key term is  a form of communication in which a person avoids addressing the topic through random statements, humor or other methods. 

Irrelevant Stance

  this experiential therapy key term used by Satir, family system having high self-esteem, flexible rules, growth seeking interactions. 

Open System

Increasing stress among the family members leads to increased emotional expression and honest, open communication.

Changing experience changes affect; need to get out of head into emotions; active interventions change experience, emotions.  Talks about this aspect of Experiential Therapy.

Change

In Satir's six-stage model of change.  This is an awareness for the need to change.

Status quo

In Satir's six-stage model of change. This talks about a person or family acknowledges the need to change and has verbalized it to an outside agent.

Introduction of a foreign element 

In Satir's six-stage model of change.  When a person begins to make different choices from past routine. Is this.

Chaos

In Satir's six-stage model of change. The person evolves from new experiences and begins learning new concepts 

Integration

In Satir's six-stage model of change. As the person continues to use the new skills, change is furthered and comfort is found in the new personal state. 

Practice

In Satir's six-stage model of change. The person is able to feel confident in the new growth and functions at a higher level.

New status quo 

According to Whitaker, session content and process will produce ____. 

Change

According to Whitaker, change could happen through the use of _____ will perturb system in a compassionate and  caring way.

Absurdity

According to Whitaker, change could happen through the use of __________ that take the symptom and exaggerate it to help clients see their folly.

paradoxical techniques

According to Whitaker, change could happen through the use of symbols and language to help family have a "__________" by hearing from an outside person what their problem is like.

corrective experience

In experiential therapy the role of the therapist uses their own _____

personality

In experiential therapy the role of the therapist must be _________, emphatic, sensitive, and demonstrate caring and acceptance.

open and spontaneous

In experiential therapy the role of the therapist should be willing to share and risk, _______, and increase stress within the family.

be genuine

In experiential therapy the role of the therapist teach family effective ______ skills in order to convey their feelings.

communication

In experiential therapy the role of the therapist is to be ____ and _____

Active and directive

According to experiential therapist the development of dysfunction occurs when people engage in emotional _____

suppression

According to experiential therapist the development of dysfunction happens when there is an inability to ______

share true feelings

According to experiential therapist the development of dysfunction happens in a ______ family system

Closed

According to experiential therapist the development of dysfunction happens when there is ______ communication

incongruent

According to experiential therapist the development of dysfunction occurs when there are _____ rules

Rigid

One of the goals of experiential therapy is to _____ growth, change, creativity, flexibility, spontaneity, and playfulness

promote

One of the goals of experiential therapy is to make the covert _____

overt

One of the goals of experiential therapy is to increase the emotional _____ of spouses and ____ rigidity.

closeness

disrupt

This goal of experiential therapy is to unlock defenses, enhance self-esteem, and recover potential for experiencing

Congruent Communication

One of the goals of experiential therapy is to enhance _____

individuation

This historical figure developed free association, psychosexual development in five stages and personality development.

Sigmund Freud

This historical figure worked with Freud and developed Client-centered therapy

Otto Rank

This historical figure used free-association, sociological dimensions of ego psychology.

Erick Erickson

This historical figure challenged Freud's theories and studied behavior in groups, struggle for individuality.

Erich Fromm

This historical figure used interpersonal theory relating to the mother/child relationship

(mother’s role in transmitting anxiety to the child)

Harry Stack Sullivan

This historical figure started applying object relations theory to the understanding and treatment of

marital conflict in the 1960’s, incorporated Fairbairn’s endopsychic work with spouses.

Henry Dicks

This historical figure elaborated on Freud’s theories with object relations theory developed play

therapy for children, applied projective identification, depressive state, paranoid position

Melanie Klein