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| the formal decision or finding made by a jury upon the matters or questions submitted to them for deliberation at trial (in criminal case must be unanimous – in civil case parties can stipulate that majority verdict will be binding) |
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| a defense that places the defendant at the relevant time in a different place than the scene involved making it impossible for the defendant to be the guilty party |
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| to refute, contradict, disprove or explain an opposing argument or evidence |
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| an outline or summary of the nature of the case and the anticipated proof presented by counsel to a jury at the start of a trial to help the jury understand the evidence |
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| a direction given by the judge to the jury concerning the law of the case which the jury are bound to accept and apply (usually furnished by the attorneys to the judge before trial) |
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| opposing parties engage in a contested proceeding with an independent decision maker |
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| the first examination or questioning of a witness by the party on whose behalf he is called. |
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| the examination or questioning of a witness by the party opposed to the one who produced him upon the evidence given in the case in chief (usually limited to matters already discussed on the case in chief) |
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| the final statements by the attorneys to the jury or judge summarizing the evidence and proof they think they have established during the trial and what the opposing side has failed to prove. |
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