Term
| All eukaryotic cells have the same basic set of? |
|
Definition
| membrane-enclosed organelles |
|
|
Term
| Membrane enclosed compartments on average occupy nearly how much of the volume of the cell? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is compartmentalization important in eukaryotic cells? |
|
Definition
| It provides efficiency for chemical reactions, segregation/optimization within different compartments, and the membranes can work as compartments |
|
|
Term
| Each organelle has a ____ function, and organelles are made of membranes which work as ____ |
|
Definition
| specific, sub-compartments |
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|
Term
| Cells do or do not have empty space? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Lysosomes work efficiently at ____ pH? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What process allows the cells to acquire materials from the environment? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| By compartmentalizing the acids in the lysosomes it prevents the cell from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used for when the cell starts to eat itself (cell suicide)? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| most common neurodegenerative disorder of childhood. Visual failure, epilepsy, dementia, death by age 25 |
|
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Term
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Definition
| causes kidney and heart problems, pain and a skin rash |
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Term
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Definition
| causes the spleen to enlarge, anemia and bone lesions if untreated |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| causes deformities of the skeleton and facial features, enlargement of the spleen and liver, joint stiffness, clouding of the cornea,mental retardation and deafness |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| leads to enlargement of the spleen and liver, as well as lung disease |
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Term
|
Definition
| degeneration of the brain in infants |
|
|
Term
| What organelle is involved in the oxidation of fatty acids (lipid metabolism) and detoxification? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduction or absence of peroxisomes in the liver, kidney, and brain |
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|
Term
| If your peroxisomes are not working what is the usual outcome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ER is very dynamic but manages to ____ with other cells and still retain its ____ and ____? |
|
Definition
| communicate, morphology, and function |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the rough ER? |
|
Definition
| synthesis of specific membrane and organellar proteins. Synthesis of all secreted proteins. |
|
|
Term
| The golgi apparatus is a highly ___ organelle and is made up of what models? |
|
Definition
| polarized, cis, medial, and trans |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the golgi apparatus? |
|
Definition
| protein modification and sorting |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of a plant cell's vacuole? |
|
Definition
| storage and degradation and provides turgor (the pressure that keeps the cell from collapsing on itself) |
|
|
Term
| Where did mitochondria supposedly come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of chloroplasts? |
|
Definition
| photosynthesis, starch formation, and lipid synthesis |
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|
Term
| Most protein synthesis begins on ribosomes in the ___? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where proteins end up depends on their? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteins have ___ ___ that direct delivery to different organelles |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Protein traffic between nucleus and cytoplasm. |
|
Definition
| Gated transport (its gated in that nuclear pores act as selective gates) |
|
|
Term
| Membrane bound protein translocator directly transports specific proteins across a membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vesicles can ferry proteins from 1 compartment to another |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteins have two main branches of movement what are they? |
|
Definition
| through the cytosol and through the ER |
|
|
Term
| Why can the nucleus be placed under the cytosol pathway of proteins but not the ER pathway? |
|
Definition
| Because the nucleus does not pass through the secretary system |
|
|
Term
| Why cant ions pass through membranes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What things are permeable to a membrane? |
|
Definition
| gases, and small uncharged polar molecules |
|
|
Term
| What things are semi-permeable to a membrane? |
|
Definition
| water, and other polar molecules |
|
|
Term
| What things are impermeable to a membrane? |
|
Definition
| larger uncharged polar molecules, ions, and charged polar molecules |
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|
Term
| The transport through membranes is conducted by diffusion which is influenced by? |
|
Definition
| size, hydrophobicity, gradient concentration, and electric potential |
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|
Term
| The higher the partition coefficient the more what a molecule is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The more hydrophobic a molecule the ___ the molecule will pass through a membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ion channels usually work with or against the concentration gradient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of channels use facilitated transport? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of channels use active transport? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of channels use cotransport? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Facilitated transport moves what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for diffusion of water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of channel does water use to diffuse through membranes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Uniporters are transporters of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A lower km for a substance means what? |
|
Definition
| That the molecule has a high affinity for another specific molecule which in turn facilitates diffusion of said molecule a lot faster |
|
|
Term
| What is the movement of two or more different molecules or ions in the same or in the opposite direction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What and why are ATP-pumps regulated? |
|
Definition
| They are regulated by phosphorylation and are regulated so that they do not use up too much ATP from the cell |
|
|
Term
| What do calcium channels undergo so that they can let in or out calcium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What provides the conformational changes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What class of ATP pumps are not present in animal cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What class of ATP pumps does not involve phosphorylation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What protein exports lipophilic drugs out of the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What protein transports Cl ions and causes cystic fibrosis if it is defective? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why wouldn't the ABC transporter (the flipping mechanisms ones)not work if it was inside the cell? |
|
Definition
| Because the transporter requires ATP which cannot pass through the phospholipid membrane into the cell |
|
|
Term
| Why cant ATP pass through the phospholipid membrane? |
|
Definition
| Because it is a charged molecule |
|
|
Term
| What are the "direct" reasons for why cells use transporters? |
|
Definition
| The cell wants to move a specific substance from one side of the membrane to the other |
|
|
Term
| What are the "indirect" reasons for why cells use transporters? |
|
Definition
| To create a semipermeable barrier and use a disequilibrium of charges across the barrier to carry out biological functions |
|
|
Term
| The electrochemical gradient is based on what two forces? |
|
Definition
| Ion concentration gradient and membrane electric potential |
|
|
Term
| What is the electrochemical gradient used for? |
|
Definition
| to activate other channels which then helps move other substances |
|
|
Term
| Potassium is always high ____ the cell and sodium us high ____ the cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inside the cell the charge is ____ and outside it is ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the voltage range across the plasma membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Generation of a voltage depends on ____ movement of ions across a ____ membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If there is no movement of ions the membrane potential is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a molecule moves from outside the cell to inside the cell the membrane potential will be ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rest potassium channels are or arent gated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is potassium used for the generation of the electric potential? |
|
Definition
| Because animal cells contain many open potassium channels but only a few open sodium, chlorine, and calcium channels |
|
|
Term
| Measurement of the electric potential across the plasma membrane is usually ___ than the electric potential predicted by the Nernst equation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The selectivity filter of the resting potassium channels is important because? |
|
Definition
| It makes sure that only potassium ions pass through it |
|
|
Term
| Potassium or sodium have a tighter fit when they are in the K core? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When potassium enters the cell what happens? |
|
Definition
| It gets striped of the water molecules that were surrounding it |
|
|
Term
| Movement of sodium inward is energetically favorable or unfavorable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes the vacuole's pH to rise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 things needed for protein sorting? |
|
Definition
| Targeting sequence, receptor for the targeting sequence, translocation channel, and source of energy |
|
|
Term
| Where is the starting point for protein synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many proteins are synthesized on the surface of the ER per minute? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The rough ER is the site for synthesis of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of secretory proteins? |
|
Definition
| Soluble and membrane anchored |
|
|
Term
| What are the two mechanisms for protein import into the ER? |
|
Definition
| Co-translational translocation and post-translational translocation |
|
|
Term
| Type 1 and soluble proteins are mostly ___ and get cleaved after ____ |
|
Definition
| hydrophobic, tanslocation |
|
|
Term
| Microsomes must be added before the first what are linked together? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does SRP function to? |
|
Definition
| slow down translation and target the ribosome/nascent chain to the ER |
|
|
Term
| What type of membrane-anchored proteins have the C-terminus end in the cytosol and the N-terminus in the exoplasmic space? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of membrane-anchored proteins have the N-terminus end in the cytosol and the C-terminus in the exoplasmic space? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of membrane-anchored proteins have the c-terminus end in the cytosol and the N-terminus in the exoplasmic space, but the N-terminus is super short? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of membrane-anchored has multiple anchors with the C-terminus in the cytosol and the N-terminus in the exoplamsic space? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of membrane-anchored does not have a C-terminus end? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main difference between Type 4 A and B? |
|
Definition
| In type A the N-terminus end is in the cytosol while in B it is in the Lumen |
|
|
Term
| Why is a mature protein lighter than its precursor? |
|
Definition
| Because the signal sequence is cleaved |
|
|
Term
| What happens during post-translational translocation? |
|
Definition
| After the protein enter the lumen additional proteins (BIP) bind to the strand and "pull" it through the membrane. |
|
|
Term
| What is important about tail-anchored proteins? |
|
Definition
| The C-terminus is very small, like 3 amino acids small |
|
|
Term
| How does the GPI maintain its spot in the membrane? |
|
Definition
| half of it is hydrophobic and the other half is hydrophilic |
|
|
Term
| When protein modification through glycosylation what is happening? |
|
Definition
| The protein has a series of sugars added to it in the cytosol, then it is flipped into the lumen where more sugars are added to it |
|
|
Term
| Where does disulfide bond formation occur? |
|
Definition
| In the lumen of the rough ER |
|
|
Term
| What do protein-folding catalysts do? |
|
Definition
| prevent misfolding and aggregate formation |
|
|
Term
| What does the unfolded protein response (UPR) do? |
|
Definition
| it induces expression of protein-folding catalysts |
|
|
Term
| By importing protein precursors, ____ protect them from being degraded |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tranlocation of the Outer Membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Translocation of the Inner Membrane |
|
|
Term
| Proteins can only enter the mitochondria if they are ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do proteins enter the stroma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The more common import mechanism for peroxisomes is when? |
|
Definition
| The C-terminus contains the peroxisomal-targeting sequence |
|
|
Term
| All proteins found in the nucleus are synthesized in the ____? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do proteins enter the nucleus? |
|
Definition
| either through diffusion or selective transport |
|
|
Term
| Is the signal cleaved or not in the nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transport into the nucleus requires what? |
|
Definition
| Transport molecules that when filled are called cargo |
|
|
Term
| Substances move out of the cell through? |
|
Definition
| Secretory (Biosythetic) pathway |
|
|
Term
| Substances move in to the cell through? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What transport is from the ER to the golgi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What transport takes vesicles from the golgi to the lower golgi forms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the key GTpases of the vesicular transport? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What takes misplaced proteins back to the ER, and what kind of transport is that? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A GTPase meaning it will hydrolyze GTP |
|
|
Term
| What influences the requirements for vesicle formation in the ER? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteins with no ____ will go from the ER to the Golgi then out |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ proteins will go to the golgi and the transmembrane proteins will stay in the ER |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a protein does not have a _____ it stays in the ER? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vesicular protein traffic from the trans-golgi is what dependent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes up the clathrin coats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What protein slowly closes the gap when products are taken in by endocytosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Every cytoplasmic sorting signal use AP2 complexes except ____ which uses AP1. |
|
Definition
| membrane proteins in trans-golgi (Tyr-X-X-0) |
|
|
Term
| Lipid uptake into cells is mediated by what? |
|
Definition
| Low density lipoprotein particles (LDLs) |
|
|
Term
| What are the routes to the lysosomes in mammalian cells? |
|
Definition
| Endocytosis, phagocytosis, and autophagy |
|
|
Term
| Import into the mitochondrias is what kind of translational? |
|
Definition
|
|
