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Definition
| is an image on x ray film or nuclear emulsion produced by the pattern of decay emissions from a distribution of a radioactive substance. |
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Definition
| The simplest DNA end of a double stranded molecule is called this. IN a blunt-ended molecule both strands terminate in a base pair. |
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| DNA polymerase I is used to replace some of the nucleotides of a DNA sequence with their labeled analogues, creating a tagged DNA sequence which can used as a probe |
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Definition
| is an enzyme capable of cleaving the phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotide subunits of nucleic acids. |
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| T or F- RNA is easily degraded and precautions must be take during its isolation. |
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Definition
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| Sedimentation by centrifugation does what? |
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Definition
| Separates macromolecules by size and shape |
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| Reverse Transcriptase does what |
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Definition
| allows for the synthesis of a complementary DNA from mRNA |
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Term
| Electron Microscopy can be used how? |
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Definition
| To study macromolecules including DNA and large protein complexes |
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Term
| The process that separates particles by density is called what (centrifugation)? |
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Definition
| Equilibrium density gradient centrifugation |
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| Gel Electrophoresis does what? |
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Definition
| DNAs of different size can be separated by this proceedure |
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| What is used to separate small DNA molecules |
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Definition
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| What is used to separate large DNA molecules |
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Definition
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| What is used to separate very large DNA molecules |
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Definition
| Pulsed field gel electrophoresis |
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Term
| Restriction endonucleases do what? |
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Definition
| They cleave DNA at specific recognition sequences and leave blunt or sticky ends. |
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Term
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Definition
| detail the placement of restriction sites and the expected sizes of fragments that will be produced upon digestion |
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Definition
| an autonomously replicating small circular DNA molecule |
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| What type of test is used to detect specific DNA fragments? |
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Definition
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| How can DNA fragments be cloned? |
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Definition
| In plasmid vectors that have been propagated in bacteria |
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Definition
| exponentially amplify a DNA segment and can also be used to introduce specific site directed mutation into DNA |
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Definition
| devised the dideoxynucleotide method for sequencing DNA |
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| The Sanger DNA sequencing method employs dideoxynucleotides for what |
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Definition
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| Reverse transcriptase can generate a ______ from an _____ |
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Definition
| complementary DNA (cDNA) mRNA |
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Definition
| refers to the process of making multiple molecules. It is commonly used to amplify DNA fragments containing whole genes, but it can be used to amplify any DNA sequence such as promoters, noncoding sequences and randomly fragmented DNA. |
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Definition
example...5' TCGACT 3'
3' TCAGCT 5' |
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Definition
| refers to the properties of the end of a molecule of DNA or a recombinant DNA molecule. See sticky end |
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| polymerase chain reaction (PCR) |
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Definition
| is used to amplify a single or a few copies of a piece of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence |
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Definition
| is DNA synthesized from a mature mRNA template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase and the enzyme DNA polymerase.- IT is often used to clone eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes. |
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Definition
| process that uses a particle beam of electrons to illuminate a specimen and produce a magnified image. |
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Term
| pulsed field gel electrophoresis |
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Definition
| The procedure is similar to standard gel electrophoresis, except that the charge is periodically switched among three directions, on central and two to each side. The smaller fragments will eventually make their way towards the bottom- useful in very large fragments |
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Term
| dideoxy-terminator cycle sequencing |
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Definition
| This uses ddNTPs as DNA chain terminators. It requires a single stranded DNA template, a DNA primer, a DNA polymerase, normal dNTPs, and ddNTPS. |
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Definition
| contains DNA fragment inserted within the plasmid vector and then reintroduced into living bacterial cells. |
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Term
| dideoxynucleotide triphosphate (ddNTP) |
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Definition
| are nucleotides lacking a 3'hydroxyl group on their deoxyribose sugar. The affect of this is after being added to a growing nucleotide chain, no phosphodiester bond can be created. |
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Definition
| consists of a solid surface to which DNA fragments are attached. When copies hybridize the chip shows this. |
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Definition
| is an enzyme that cuts double stranded or single stranded DNA at specific recognitions nucleotide sequences known as restriction sites. |
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Definition
| is a map of known restriction sites within a sequence of DNA- this can be used to engineer plasmids or other relatively short pieces of DNA and sometimes longer pieces of DNA |
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Definition
| is an enzyme that participates in the process of DNA replication in prokaryotes. It removes the RNA primer, and fills in the necessary nucleotides of the okazaki fragments. |
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Definition
| is a DNA polymerase enzyme that transcribes single-stranded RNA into double-stranded DNA. |
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Definition
| (Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) destroys the shape of proteins so that we can measure it by size |
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Definition
| is a population of host bacteria, each of which carries a DNA molecule that was inserted into a cloning vector, such that the collection of cloned DNA molecules represents the entire genome of the source organism.-Also represents the collection of all of the vector molecules, each carrying a piece of the chromosomal DNA of the organism, prior to the insertion of these molecules into the host cells. |
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Term
| bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) |
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Definition
| is a DNA construct based on a functional fertility plasmid, used for transforming and cloning in bacteria, usually E. coli. These are often used to sequence the genome of organisms in genome projects. |
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Definition
| is a fragment of DNA or RNA of variable length which is used in DNA or RNA samples to detect the presence of nucleotide sequences. The probe thereby hybridizes to single stranded nucleic acid whose base sequence allows base pairing. |
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Term
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Definition
| is generally a plasmid that is used to introduce a specific gene into a target cell. Once the expression vector is inside the cell, the protein that is encoded by the gene is produced by the cellular transcription and translation machinery ribosomal complexes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nucleases that act within a strand |
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Term
| sedimentation coefficient (s) |
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Definition
| It is defined as the ratio of a particle's sedimentation velocity to the acceleration that is applied to it causing sedimentation. s=Vt/a |
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Term
| equilibrium gradient centrifugation |
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Definition
| is a type of centrifugation procedure widely used in biochemistry to separate molecules based on their buoyant density. It is achieved by pinning biological preparations at high g force over long periods of time, in buffers or solutions containing a varying amount of viscous molecule. |
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Term
| site directed mutagenesis |
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Definition
| is a technique in which mutation is created at a defined site in a DNA molecule. In general it requires that the wild type gene sequence is known |
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Definition
| is an intercalating agent commonly used as a fluorescent tag |
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Definition
| used to detect a specific DNA sequence in DNA samples. Combines transfer of electrophoresis separated DNA fragments to a filter membrane and subsequent fragment detection by probe hybridizaiton |
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Definition
| nucleases that act only at the end of a nucleic acid, removing a single nucleotide at a time |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the properties of the end of a molecule of DNA or a recombinant DNA molecule. When the end of a DNA has a long overhang (non base paired end) it is called this |
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Definition
| The migration of charged molecules (such as nucleic acids or proteins) through an agarose or polyacrylamide gel under the influence of an electric field |
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Term
| sucrose gradient centrifugation |
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Definition
| A density gradient is created by gently overlaying lower concentrations of sucrose on high concentration. Then the protein is added and centrifuged, the proteins separate into bands according to their density and the density of succrose surround them. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the process of establishing a non-covalent sequence specific interaction between two or more complementary strands of nucleic acids into a single hybrid, which in the case of two strands is referred to as a duplex. |
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Definition
| 10^-13 seconds- s=velocity/centrifugal force |
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Term
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Definition
| insertion of the planar phenanthridinium ring between adjacent base pairs cause the DNA molecule to unwind. No covalent bonds are altered and hydrogen bonds between base pairs remain intact |
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Term
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Definition
| or non coding strand, is used as a template for RNA synthesis. As transcription proceeds, RNA polymerase traverses the template strand and uses base pairing complementarity with the DNA template to create an RNA copy. |
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Definition
| are pairs of restriction enzymes specific to the same recognition sequence. For example (CGTAC/G) and (CGTAC/G) |
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Definition
| is a DNA molecule used as a vehicle to transfer foreign genetic material into another cell. The four major types of vectors are plasmids, bacteriophages and other viruses, cosmids and artificial chromosomes. |
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Definition
is a large protein fragment produced when DNA polymerase I from E. coli is enzymatically cleaved by the protease subtilisin- it is useful in synthesis of double stranded DNA from Single stranded templates
-helping to create blunt ends
-digesting away protruding overhangs
-preparation of radioactive DNA probes |
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Term
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Definition
| Uses gel electrophoresis to separate, then the proteins are transfered to a membrane where they are probed using antibodies specific to the target protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a multiplex lab on a chip. it is a 2D array on a solid substrate, that assays large amounts of biological material using high-throughput screening methods |
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Term
| two dimensional gel electrophoresis |
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Definition
| gel electrophoresis that is then separated out again except in a 90 degree angle |
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Term
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Definition
| (or chimeric proteins) are proteins created through the joining of two or more genes which originally coded for separate proteins. |
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Definition
| a clone of the complementary DNA strand formed |
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Term
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Definition
| is a combination of cloned cDNA fragments inserted into a collection of host cells, which together constitute some portion of the transcriptome of the organism. |
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Definition
| uses electrophoresis to separate RNA samples by size, and detection with a hybridization probe complementary to part of or the entire target sequence |
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Definition
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Definition
| is a strand of nucleic acid that serves as a starting point for DNA synthesis. |
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Term
| affinity chromatography is |
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Definition
| purification technique in which a protein mixture is passed over a matrix to which ligands specific for the desired protein have been attached, so that the protein is retained on the matrix |
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Definition
| the general term for purification technique in which a mixture of proteins is passed through a column containing a porous solid matrix |
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| High performance liquid chromatography is |
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Definition
| a type of chromatography that uses columns packed with special chromatography resins composed of tiny spheres that attain a high degree of resolution, even at very fast flow rates |
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Term
| DNA synthesis always occurs from ... |
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Definition
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Term
| two dimensional gel electrophoresis is |
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Definition
| technique for protein separation in which the protein mixture is run first in one direction and then in a direction at right angles to the first. |
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Term
| SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis |
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Definition
| technique in which a protein mixture is separated by running it though a gel containing a detergent that binds to and unfolds the proteins |
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Term
| nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy |
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Definition
| analysis of the release of the electromagnetic radiation by atomic nuclei in a magnetic field due to flipping of the orientation of their magnetic dipole moments |
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Term
| (SDS-PAGE) Western Blotting, (Immunoblotting) |
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Definition
| Technique by which proteins are separated by electrophoresis, immobilized on a paper sheet, and then analyzed, usually by means of a labeled antibody |
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Term
| A virus or plasmid that carries a DNA sequence into a suitable host cell and there directs the abundant synthesis of the protein encoded by the sequence |
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Definition
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| Any DNA molecule formed by joining DNA segments from different sources is a |
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Definition
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Term
| Small circular DNA molecules that replicates independently of the genome and can be used for DNA cloning |
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Definition
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| A collection of clones that contain a variety of DNA segments from the genome of an organism |
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Definition
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| One of a large number of enzymes that can cleave a DNA molecule at any site where a specific short sequence of nucleotides occur |
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Definition
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Term
| Manipulation of DNA with precision in vitro or in vivo |
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Definition
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Term
| A DNA clone of a DNA copy of an mRNA molecule |
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Definition
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Term
| Technique in which RNA fragments, separated by electrophoresis are immobilized on a paper sheet and then detected by hybridization with a labeled nucleic acid probe |
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Definition
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| Technique for generating multiple copies of specific regions of DNA by the use of sequence specific primers, and multiple cycles of DNA synthesis |
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Definition
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Term
| Prokaryotic cloning vector that can accommodate large pieces of DNA up to 1 million base pairs. |
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Definition
| Bacterial artificial chromosome |
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Term
| The process whereby two complementary nucleic acid strands form a double helix |
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Definition
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