Term
| What is the difference between Sterilization & Sanitation? |
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Definition
| Sterilization is the destruction of all living microbes, spores, and viruses. Sanitation reduced the numbers of pathogens or discourages their growth. |
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Term
| When does an object become "unsterile"? |
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Definition
| A sterile object becomes contaminated when it comes in contact with AIR. |
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Term
| How does moist heat kill microbes? |
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Definition
| It denatures their proteins |
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Term
| True or False: Boiling water may not kill all spores or inactivate all viruses? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does pasteurization do to bacterial populations in food and drink? |
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Definition
| It reduces the chances of spoilage and disease |
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Term
| True or False: Bacterial spores are not affected by pasteurization? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the best coverage of UV light used to control microbial growth? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the flash pasteurization method? |
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Definition
| 71.6 degrees C for 15 seconds |
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Term
| What is the holding (or batch) method for pasteurizing? |
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Definition
| Involves heating at 63 degrees C for 30 minutes. Although any thermophilic bacteria would thrive at this temperature, they are of little consequence because they cannot grow at body temperatures. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduces the bacterial population of a liquid such as milk and destroys organisms that my cause spoilage andn human disease. |
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Term
| True of False: UV light can be bactericidal? |
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Definition
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Term
| True of False: X rays and gamma rays also are microbicidals? |
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Definition
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Term
| What involves preserving a microorganisms in food by removing the water necessary for microbes to live? |
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Definition
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Term
| What preserving method causes water to diffuse out of organisms, causing dehydration and death? |
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Definition
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Term
| What preserving method lowers microbial metabolic and growth rates, retarding spoilage? |
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Definition
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Term
| True of False: chemical agents always achieve sterilization? |
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Definition
| False, they rarely achieve sterilization |
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Term
| Although chemical agents do not always achieve sterilization, what do they do? |
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Definition
| They disinfect( destroy pathogens) |
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Term
| What are used to destroy pathogens on living tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What means to reduce microbial population to a safe level? |
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Definition
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Term
| What term refers to removing organisms from an object's surface? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the qualities of antiseptics and disinfectants? |
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Definition
- Able to kill or slow growth of microbes
- Nontoxic to humans and animals
- Soluble to water
- Storable
- Effective quickly and at low concentration
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Term
| What is important when choosing an agent? |
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Definition
- Temperature
- pH
- Duration of disinfection
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Term
| When evaluating the effectiveness of antispectics and disinfectants, what indicates the disinfecting ability compared to that of phenol? |
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Definition
| The Phenol coefficient (PC) |
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Term
| What is the Phenol Coefficient (PC) |
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Definition
| An in-use test to compare samples substrate before and after disinfection |
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Term
| What are antibiotics derived from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do semi-synthetic drugs include? |
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Definition
| Synthetic and Antibiotic elements |
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Term
| Who originated the concept of selective toxicity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What red industrial dye was found to inhibit some Gram-positive bacterial species? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who discovered arsphenamine for use against the syphilis spirochete? |
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Definition
| Ehrlich and Sahachiro Hata |
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Term
| Who had the serendipitous discovery of penicillin and also ushered in the era of antibiotics? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who believed that chance favors the prepared mind? |
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Definition
| Fleming, Florey, and Chain |
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Term
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Definition
| mold that produces a substance that kills Gram-positive bacteria |
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Term
| What does Selective toxicity mean? |
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Definition
| That a drug should harm the pathogen but not the host |
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Term
| What does the toxic dose of a drug do to the host? |
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Definition
| It is the concentration that causes harm to the host |
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Term
| What does the therapeutic dose do to the host? |
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Definition
| Nothing, this concentration eliminates the pathogen |
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Term
| Together, what do the toxic dose and therapeutic dose do? |
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Definition
| They are used to formulate the chemotherapeutic index |
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Term
| True or False: Do narrow spectrum drugs affect all pathogens? |
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Definition
| False; they only affect a few pathogens |
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Term
| What group does broad spectrum durgs affect? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does bacteria synthesize folic acid from? |
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Definition
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Term
| This synthetic antimicrobial interferes with mycolic acid synthesis in species of mycobacterium |
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Definition
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Term
| What synthetic antimicrobial blocks DNA synthesis in bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the range for which drugs will work against pathogens? |
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Definition
| This is called the antimicrobial spectrum |
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Term
| What do sulfanilmide and other sulfonamides (Sulfa drugs) do? |
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Definition
| They target specific metabolic reactions (bactrin used in urinary tract infections) |
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Term
| What does sulfonamides do in a bacterial enzyme? |
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Definition
| They out compete essential folic acid components for binding sites |
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Term
| How do sulfanomides out compete the essential folic acids? |
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Definition
| They prevent nucleic acid synthesis and DNA replication |
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Term
| What is the most widely used antibiotic |
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Definition
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Term
| How does penicillin cause the cell the burst? |
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Definition
| They interfere with cell wall synthesis |
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Term
| Why do some individuals experience an anaphylactic allergic reaction when taking penicillin? |
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Definition
| They have inherited a protein that binds penicillin and appears as a foreign molecule to the immune system |
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Term
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Definition
| This is what many penicillin-resistant species produce that inactivates penicillin |
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Term
| What may be a broader spectrum alternative to penicillin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two elements are Cephalosporins derived from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What bacterially produced antibiotic inhibits cell wall synthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What may be some side effects using Vancomycin? |
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Definition
| Damage to ear and kidneys |
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Term
| What are Vancomycin effective against? |
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Definition
| Gram positive bacteria such as... staphylococci |
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Term
| What are the four mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance? |
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Definition
- Resistance to sufanamides may develop if the bacterial enzyme changes or if the bacteria evolves an alternate metabolic pathway
- Bacteria may evolve the abililty to enzymatically inactivate an antibiotic
- Bacteria may evolve the ability to prevent drug entry into the cytoplasm or to pump the drug out of the cytoplasm
- Bacteria can evolve changes in drug targets like ribosomes or enzymes involved in replication
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Term
| What microbe produces aflatoxins that accumulate in grains, nuts, and corn? |
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Definition
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