Term
| know the federalism model |
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Definition
4 types cake model
1)visible layer - fed and state basically seperate
2) marble - cooperative federalism - lines blurred as fed helped during great depression
3) pound cake - creative or fiscal federalism - fed money flowed to states but with strings attached
4) crumble cake - new federalism - federal money to states dries up, fend for yourself federalism |
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Term
| what are enterprise zones? |
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Definition
| reagan created urban enterprise zones - tax breaks for blighted areas |
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Term
| through what institutions have cities tpically organized themselves on a regional basis? |
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Definition
| regional councils - COG's & MPO's |
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Term
| What are four types of latent environmental subsystems in cities |
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Definition
david easton came up with it
4 types of latent: physical, political culture, socioeconomic & Intergovernmental |
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Term
| Through what methods do higher governments distribute money to local government? |
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Definition
categorical grants - spent for narrow purposes
block grants - several categotical combnied
revenue sharing
grants in aid
formula grants and project grants |
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Term
| difference between digital divide and learning curve literatures |
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Definition
| digital divide suggests that differences in socioeconomic background affect the use of internet and computers. learning curve says that with time and experience cities tend to move their websites from a more administrative orientation to a more information and user orientations |
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Term
| how do local government sfit into the American federalist system? |
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Definition
| dillons rule - local governments are creatures of state governments |
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Term
| how has reapportionment shifted political power |
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Definition
| reapportionnment is a very political circumstance where a majority party can redraw house or senate line in their favor. this could mean absorbing a historically republican area as part of your district if you were republican, ensuring a victory at the next election |
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Term
| what is an unfunded mandate? |
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Definition
| an upper government's constitutional provision or judicial ruling that obligates expenditure upon a lower government without compensation (ADA compliance |
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Term
| why are special districts significant in the american system of intergovernmental relations? |
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Definition
| special districts provide limited services: they are financed by taxes and/or service charges. and example of a special district would be a school district |
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Term
| describe the goals and assumptions of the progressives in their quest to reform local governments? what is the progressive legacy today? |
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Definition
city government to provide services
manage conflict
scientific management and the 3 E's Effectiveness, eficiency, and the economy
strong central exec mayor/council-manager
direct democracy
at-large elections
non-partisan ballots
legacies: the later new deal programs, the role of governments in business, the focus on the environment, help for those who can't help themselves, safety and labor regulations |
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Term
| who was the first city to implement the city manager form of government? |
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Definition
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Term
| what was the first major city to successfully implement copetitive contracting? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the underlying focus of osborne and gaebler's reinventing government initiative? |
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Definition
| the underlying focus was to help public managers to use public resources more efficiently, doing more with less. It also focused on privatization, accountability and greater involvement of the community |
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Term
| list the key attributes of the new urbanism model |
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Definition
| jane jacobs, mixed use, public realm, mixing of houses/SE backgrounds, environmental sustainability, sharp's notes - walkable communities, mass transit, anti urban sprawl |
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Term
| explain the theory of motivation in scientific management? |
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Definition
| late 1800's frederick taylor, most efficient way of doing things, assembly line, manufactoring, treat people as robots, they are emotionless, more people produced more money. taylor assumed that was all that mattered "economic man" |
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Term
| describe the history of the human relation movement? |
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Definition
| mayo & roethlisberger - social aspect of work mattered, employees need approval, belonging, not only motivated by money "social man" |
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Term
| know and understand various management styles and their underlying assumptions |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| people are lazy and unambitious - avoid work and responsibility |
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Term
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Definition
| dont ingerently dislike work. exercise self-firection and self-control in pursuit of goals them deem worthwile |
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Term
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Definition
| japan - william ouchi - consesus decision makin. an extension of theory y |
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Term
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Definition
| total quality managemnt - focus on continuou improvement for the long term redefines "customer" could be an inter-agency or department receiving "service" designs quality in, does not inspect for it afterwards |
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Term
| direct financial compensation |
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Definition
| pay that a person receives in the form of wages, salary, bonuses and compensation |
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Term
| indirect financial compensation |
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Definition
| all finacial rewards that are not included in direct compensation |
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Term
| nonfinancial compensation |
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Definition
| the satisfaction that a person receives from their job itself or from the psychological and or physical environment in which the job is performed |
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Term
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Definition
| an incentive plan in which employees or customers receive benefits directly as a result of cost-saving measures that they initiate or participate in |
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Term
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Definition
| merit pay - a method of employee motivation meant to improve performance by offerin g incentives such as salary increases, bonuses, and benefits |
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Term
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Definition
| found affirmative action was constitutional, narrowly focused |
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Term
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Definition
| affirmative action was unconstitutional, when too broad |
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Term
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Definition
| affirmative action must show compelling interest |
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Term
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Definition
| preferential treatment (reverse discrimination) unconstitutional |
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Term
| griggs v duke power company |
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Definition
| first scouts decision to emphasize job-related selection criteria |
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Term
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Definition
| introduced the use of program information in budget documents |
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Term
| performance based budgeting |
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Definition
| strategic budgeting- focuses on results rather than workload or activity. places values into the budgeting process. Decisions are based on how well objectives are met. |
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Term
| planning programming budgeting |
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Definition
| everything in seperate discret categories |
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Term
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Definition
| every year starts out at zero |
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Term
| capital improvement budgeting |
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Definition
| long term expenditures over several years (5-10) |
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