Term
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Definition
| Major Histocompatibility Complex |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Each gene is responsible for _____ gene product. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are Class I Antigens? |
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Definition
cellular proteins; include HLA-A-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, Beta2 microglobulin (all single glycoprotein chain)
these antigens are found on all nucleated cells
some remnants are on RBCs
recognized in graft rejection |
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Term
| What are Class II Antigens? |
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Definition
cellular proteins; include HLA-D/DR, HLA-DQ, HLA-DP (two glycoprotein chains)
not found on all nucleated cells; restricted to immunocompetent cells, B-cells, and macrophages
important for antigen presentation and interactions between immunocompetent cells |
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Term
| What are Class III Antigens? |
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Definition
minor MHC antigens
mainly proteins secreted by cells and complement components C2, C4 (activate C3), and Factor B (activates C3, alternative pathway) |
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Term
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Definition
| immune response genes, chromosomally likes to MHC |
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Term
| What happens in Phase I of antigen elimination? |
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Definition
approximately 90% of antigen is eliminated from circulation in the passage through the liver, lung, and spleen (phagocytosis)
aggregated antigen is removed faster, and soluble antigen is removed slower due to pinocytic uptake
size, therefore, is important in rate of elimination |
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Term
| What happens in Phase II of antigen elimination? |
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Definition
catabolic phase and degradation (4-7 days)
the enzymatic hydrolysis and digestion of antigen
if host fails to produce antibodies during this period, this phase is extended for several weeks |
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Term
| What happens in Phase III of antigen elimination? |
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Definition
accelerated removal of antigen
immune elimination segment - newly formed antibody molecules combining with antigen, leading to phagocytosis |
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Term
| Which cells carry memory upon first exposure to antigen? |
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Definition
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Term
| Small lymphocytes can become: |
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Definition
1) antibody synthesizing cells (plasma cells)
2) effector cells (cell mediated immune response) |
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Term
| What mediates the Humoral Immune Response? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the Humoral Immune Response, _____ process antigen to cause them to bind to _____; the immature lymphs differentiate into antibody-producing _____. |
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Definition
| macrophages; lymphocytes; immunocytes |
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Term
| Key points about the Primary Response: |
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Definition
several day lag between antigen introduction and first appearance of antibody (induction period - takes hours to days)
the primary response begins when antibody is first detected
first IgG, then IgM increase, followed by IgG increase and IgM decrease |
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Term
| Key points about the Secondary Response: |
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Definition
anamnestic response (memory, or booster response)
the host is primed for that particular antigen
large increase in IgG, within 2-3 days of second exposure this is a rapid increase
may be repeated several times (booster vaccinations)
may be induced by cross reactive antigens |
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Term
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Definition
| antibodies that cause lysis of bacterial cells |
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Term
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Definition
| antibodies that can cause foreign RBCs to rupture or lyse |
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Term
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Definition
| antibodies that cause agglutination of microbes, therefore inhibiting their spread, and clumps of microbes are then phagocytized by opsonins |
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Term
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Definition
| antibodies causing precipitation |
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Term
| antibodies that activate complement |
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Definition
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Term
| cell-mediated immune response |
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Definition
important in response to viruses, fungi, acid-fast bacterial infections like tuberculosis and leprosy
lymphocytes which do not produce antibody, however, they release chemicals (lymphokines) in response to foreign antigens |
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Term
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Definition
cause mitosis to occur in lymphocytes
attract other lymphocytes/macrophages
cause destruction of virally infected cells |
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Term
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Definition
remove virally infected cells of host
destroy target cells without antibody involvement
direct cell contact is required |
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Term
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Definition
present antigen to T-cells during induction phase
become activated in response to lymphokines during effector phase |
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Term
| Natural Killer Cells (NK) |
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Definition
do not express T- or B-cell markers
do express Fc receptors capable of killing virally infected cells or neoplastic cells |
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Term
| Ab dependent cell-mediated cytolysis |
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Definition
| IgG antibody directed against viral or tumor antigen on target cells combine with effector cells and result in cytolytic activity |
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Term
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Definition
| IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, gamma interferon, etc |
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Term
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Definition
| suppressor cells - inhibit antibody production of B-cells and exert negative feedback control on helper cells |
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Term
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Definition
| T-cells responsible for delayed hypersensitivities |
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Term
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Definition
| T-cells that amplify killer T-cells (Tc) differentiation and proliferation |
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Term
| In addition to genetic factors, _____ operate to limit antibody production. |
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Definition
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Term
| If antibody production wasn't regulated, we would be _____ with an _____ by the responding clones of antibody forming cells and their products. |
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Definition
| overwhelmed; over-production of antibody |
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Term
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Definition
| pathological condition where negative feedback does not limit antibody production and there is over-stimulation of immunoglobulin due to loss of control over lymphocyte proliferation |
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Term
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Definition
1. antigenic stimulation
2. IL-1
3. IL-2 |
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Term
| A macrophage (APC) presents antigen, provides _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Th cell recognized antigen; APC releases IL-1, promoting synthesis of _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Effector T-cell is stimulated by _____; IL-2 undergoes blast formation, cell division, differentiation - producing _____. |
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Definition
| IL-1; Tc or lymphokine-producing T-cells |
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