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Definition
| (immunogen) any substance that elicits a specific activation of lymphocytes, causing a production of antibody (B-cell line of lymphocytes), or induces a cellular response (T-cell line of lymphocytes) |
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| the ability to elicit an immune response |
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1) T-cell dependent - requires Th (T4/CD4) to help production of antibody
2) T-cell independent - does not require Th (T4/CD4) to process |
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| autologous antigen (autoantigen) |
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| different; may or may not react with antibody |
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| antigen responsible for producing antibody, therefore, will react with antibody |
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| heterophile antigen (heterogenic) |
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Definition
| closely related antigen that produces a cross reaction with antibody |
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Definition
self vs. non-self
the greater then phylogenic difference, the greater the immune response |
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Definition
low molecular weight (<10,000 daltons) are not very immunogenic
high molecular weight (>500,000 daltons) are good antigens and can elicit an IR |
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Definition
| antigenic determinant sites or epitopes (antigenic factors, antigenic specificity) |
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| The _____ of the antigen equals the number of determinant sites. |
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| _____ are the most potent antigens due to their increased molecular weight and complex structures. |
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| _____ are stronger antigens if coupled to proteins and they furnish more determinant sites. |
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| Carbohydrates (polysaccharides) |
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| _____ are poor antigens and are relatively simple structures. |
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Definition
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| _____ of gram negative bacteria are potent antigens. |
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Definition
| Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) |
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| If an antigen possesses all of the attributes of a potent antigen, why is the substance able to elicit an immune response in some but all individuals? |
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Definition
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Definition
* age of individual, sex, nutrition
* route of entry: intravenous (bloodstream), intraperitoneal (peritoneal cavity), intradermal (dermis), subcutaneous (below skin), intramuscular (muscle)
* dose of antigen - smaller is less effective (as a rule, but there are exceptions)
* number of contacts with antigen
* environment/occupation of individual
* overall general good health |
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Definition
proteins synthesized by B-cells
a) receptor on B-cells for antigen
b) secreted by plasma cells |
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| 5 major classes of heavy chain immunoglobulins |
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Definition
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Definition
| difference of amino acid sequence in the H-chain isotopes |
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Definition
| determined by amino acid differences in constant region of light chains |
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| two types of light chains |
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Definition
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| All classes, subclasses, types, and subtypes are _____ and are present in all normal individuals in the heavy chain. |
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Definition
not common to members of a species (variants)
variability in amino acid sequence of both L and H chain |
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| occurring in the variable region of the Fab fragment |
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| the outside of the Y arms of IgG |
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Definition
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| the inside of the Y arms of IgG |
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Definition
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| the outer end of the Y arms of IgG |
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Definition
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| the inner end of the Y arms of IgG |
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Definition
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| the vertex of the Y of IgG |
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Definition
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| the portion of the base of the Y in IgG closest to the vertex |
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Definition
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| the portion of the base of the Y in IgG furthest from the vertex |
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Definition
| monocyte or macrophage binding |
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| first Ig class produced by maturing B-cells |
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Definition
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| first Ig class to appear in a maturing infant (100% at 9 mos old) and the last to leave (old age) |
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| What is the first class of antibody detected in the primary immune response (important in cases of gram positive bacterium)? |
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| IgM has _____ sides, so valence is _____, but usually only _____ are available. |
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| Nearly all secreted IgM is found in the _____. |
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| naturally occurring antibody (ex: blood group A produces anti-B), common IgM |
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| Which Ig is an effective opsonin (attracts macrophages), activates complement (classical pathway), participates in precipitation and agglutination reactions, and crosses the placenta? |
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| Which Ig facilitates phagocytosis as an opsonin, activates complement (alternative pathway), binds to food that may act as allergens, and is responsible for immune-mediated bacteriolysis? |
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| Which Ig is found on mast cells, is considered a reagin (antibody responsible for allergy associated reactions but not all allergies), does not fix complement, and is also called cytophillic antibody or skin-sensitizing antibody? |
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Definition
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| Which Ig is the least understood, has very low concentration in serum, does not fix complement, and has increased activity to insulin, penicillin, and thyroid antigens? Also has a relationship with rheumatoid arthritis? |
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