Term
| What are the two major cells involved in specific immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a humoral immune response? |
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Definition
| synthesis and release of free antibodies into blood and other body fluids |
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Term
| What is cell-mediated immunity? |
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Definition
| production of "sensitized" lymphocytes which are a "effectors" |
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Term
| What are the two populations of lymphocytes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the primary role of small lymphocytes? |
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Definition
| primary response to the antigen |
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Term
| What are other names for small lymphocytes? |
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Definition
antibody synthesizing cell
effector cell |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that have not come in contact with antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| small number of virgin cells will come in contact with antigen and will proliferate (multiply by dividing) |
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Term
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Definition
some virgin cells will become antibody producing cells and some go on to become effector cells (those in cell mediated immunity, or those cells that actually fight; antibody is not secreted)
small population do not produce antibody or become effector cells, they produce memory; they are antigen sensitive memory cells (if that antigen enters again, those cells go on to proliferate) |
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Term
| Key points about the thymus: |
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Definition
involved in the immune response
made up of epithelial cells formed in lobules
responsible for having a lot of virgin cells within them |
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Term
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Definition
Thymocyte
thymus produces (cellular immunity) |
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Term
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Definition
bone marrow produces (circulating antibody)
Bursa processed |
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Term
| The thymus is important _____ when you come in contact with a lot of foreign antigens; _____ within the thymus become specifically programmed. |
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Definition
| early in life; lymphocytes |
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Term
| _____ are those lymphocytes that travel through the thymus. |
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Definition
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Term
| The organ in chickens that is responsible for B-cell production is the called the _____; it is unknown where B-cell production in humans is, but it is believed to be in _____. |
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Definition
| bursa of fabricius; the bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
| lymphocytes involved with cell-mediated immunity (CMI) |
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Term
| T-cells are very _____ (blue granules) due to high number of _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ technique is used to differentiate between B-lymphs and T-lymphs; B-lymphs have surface _____. |
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Definition
| Immunofluorescent; immunoglobulins |
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Term
| 80% of circulating lymphocytes are _____ cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cytolysis of virally infected cells, lymphokines, target tumors are called _____ cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells that suppress or amplify B-cells (T-cells also) are called _____ cells. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cluster of differentiation; assigned to surface glycoproteins |
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Term
| Differentiation occurs in _____ of CD4 and CD8. |
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Definition
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Term
| T-helper cells differentiate to: |
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Definition
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Term
| T-suppressor-cytotoxic cells differentiate to: |
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Definition
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Term
| Approximated _____ of T-cells die in the thymus and never enter peripheral circulation. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ is responsible for killing intracellular parasites (those that live and continue to grow in macrophage, such as leprosy.) |
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Definition
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Term
| Macrophage can engulf mycobacteria but not digest it; needs _____ to help with digestion factors. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fibrotic tissue; densely packed macrophages |
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Term
| T-cells secrete many different substances called _____. |
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Definition
| arms of the cell mediated response |
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Term
| What are the two major arms of cell mediated response? |
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Definition
Arm 1: lymphokine production; biologically active substances that have a direct effect on macrophages; influence macrophage movement and activity
Arm 2: Cytotoxic T-cells (2nd defense) - key C cells; if lymphokines don't work, cytotoxic T-cells come in (specifically with viruses); killer cells; we kill our own host cell harboring a virus; specific against host cells holding a virus |
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Term
| Macrophage Chemotactic Factor |
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Definition
causes the accumulation of phagocytes
antigen enters -> comes in contact with lymphocyte -> lymphokine given off to attract macrophages to that area |
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Term
| Migration Inhibiting Factor |
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Definition
| after macrophages are grouped together, second chemical (lymphokine) released to prevent macrophages from leaving |
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Term
| Macrophage Activating Factor |
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Definition
| activates macrophages, gets them "angry" and ready to attach and kill off organisms it ingests |
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Term
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Definition
| another lymphokine that has to do with the monocytes within the blood vessels coming into the external vascular spaces; send out message to monocytes to come out of blood vessels and into extra-vascular spaces; monocytes come in a backup army of macrophages |
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Term
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Definition
| a lymphokine released to inhibit intra-cellular viral replication |
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Term
| Where is primary lymphoid tissue found? |
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Definition
thymus and bone marrow (most lymphs)
lymph nodes (reticular cells; B-cells in cortex; T-cells in paracortical or thymus dependent area)
spleen (blood filter; meshwork of macrophages to remove antigen) |
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Term
| Where is unencapsulated lymphoid tissue found? |
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Definition
fibers of lymphoid tissue throughout the body (respiratory, alimentary, genitourinary systems)
sub epithelial lymphoid tissue
gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) |
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Term
| Key points about macrophages: |
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Definition
traps the antigen and takes it to B-lymph or T-lymph
enhancing effect to T-lymph |
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Term
| B-cells are bone marrow derived _____; precursor cells in _____ production. |
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Definition
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Term
| Key points about B-cells: |
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Definition
1) pre B-cells synthesize IgM
2) present are C' receptors on cell surface
3) maturation to B-cell only after exposure to antigen, secretion of single class of Ig, then differentiates into plasma cells
4) 5-15% of circulating B-cells identified via circulating surface Ig (SIg)
5) MALT B-cells express IgA
6) all B-cells are not always synthesizing one type of Ig
7) lymphocyte capping only to B-cells, not T-cells
8) transformation via mitogens |
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Term
| Natural Killer Cells (NK) |
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Definition
have surface IgG receptors
large granular lymphocytes which are cytotoxic
able to lyse virally infected cells and tumor cells without prior immunization |
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Term
| Th = T4 = CD4 -> T-helper cells |
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Definition
aid B-cells in processing antigens
important in antibody production in the plasma cell
destroyed by AIDS virus so no antibody produced causing an incompetent immune response |
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Term
| Ts = T8 = CD8 -> T-suppressor cells |
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Definition
suppress activity of T-cytotoxic cells or T-helper cells
inhibits antibody production by B-cells |
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Term
| Tc = T8 = CD8 -> T-cytotoxic cells |
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Definition
capable of destroying target cells without involving antibodies
involves direct cell contact
very toxic to foreign substances |
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Term
| Td = T-delayed hypersensitivity cells |
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Definition
| cause "problems" in the body (allergies) |
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Term
| NK = Natural Killer cells |
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Definition
| cytotoxic to host cells that are virally infected neoplastic cells stimulated by IL2 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Monocytes are 4-10% of circulating nucleated cells; migrate into various tissues (_____) and become _____ macrophages. |
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Definition
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Term
| Any antibody that non-specifically attaches to macrophage is called a: |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ play an important role in acute inflammation and are able to adhere and penetrate the endothelial lining of _____ and migrate into tissues. |
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Definition
| Polymorphonuclear granulocytes; blood vessels |
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Term
| 70% of circulating nucleated cells are _____; are _____ macrophages that play an important role in protection against extra-cellular microorganisms. |
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Definition
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Term
| Eosinophils kill invading organisms by releasing contents of cellular granules (_____) to extracellular space (_____); play an important role against _____ infection. |
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Definition
| histamine; allergic; helminth |
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Term
| _____ and mast cells are indistinguishable from each other; _____ will trigger granules to release histamine/vasoactive amines to combat allergy. |
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Definition
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