Term
| nonspecific/natural immunity |
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Definition
| parts of anatomy that protect/prevent entrance of microorganisms (antigens) from gaining access to the body |
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Term
| What are the 5 major lines of nonspecific/natural immunity? |
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Definition
skin
mucous membranes
tears, saliva & urine
secretions
normal flora |
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Term
| What is the major line of nonspecific/natural immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does bacteria fail to survive on skin? |
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Definition
| lactic acid and saturated fatty acids in sweat have an inhibitory effect |
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Term
| What is an exception to the defenses of the skin? (What bacteria can overcome these defenses?) |
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Definition
| staph aureus can invade hair follicles, pores (pimples), and glands, causing infection |
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Term
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Definition
| protective barrier found in throat, mouth, vaginal canal |
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Term
| How do mucous membranes inhibit penetration by viruses and bacteria? |
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Definition
| through competition with cell surface receptors (ex. ear wax) |
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Term
| Ciliated movement has a _____ effect. |
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Definition
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Term
| Tears, saliva, and urine protect epithelial surfaces through: |
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Definition
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Term
| Secretions contain _____ components. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the bactericidal component of stomach secretions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the bactericidal component of semen? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the bactericidal component of tears? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do normal flora suppress the growth of pathogenic organisms? |
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Definition
| they compete for nutrients and may produce substances that are inhibitory to the pathogens |
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Term
| _____ and _____ counter-attack organisms. |
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Definition
| Bactericidal enzymes and phagocytosis |
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Term
| Natural immunity does not deal with _____, but rather the way our body is made. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| reaction that tissues/cells have to injury |
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Term
| Classic signs on inflammation: |
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Definition
| pain, heat, redness, swelling, loss of function |
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Term
| What are the four humoral factors of immunity? |
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Definition
lysozymes
acute phase substances
interferon
phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| produced by cells; are bactericidal substances (digestive enzymes of cells) |
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Term
| acute phase substances / APS |
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Definition
occur during inflammatory response
1) CRP - (C-Reactive Protein)
2) fibrinogen
3) seroplasm
4) macroglobulins
5) antitypsin |
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Term
| CRP is produced by the body in response to: |
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Definition
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Term
| Fibrinogen is produced in increased concentration: |
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Definition
| where there is tissue injury |
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Term
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Definition
| very large proteins (ex: IgM) |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that destroys invading organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| comes about during viral infections; interferes with replication of viruses (non-specific viral agents); takes over cell and interferes with vital replication in the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| last activated after innate immunity, and first three of humoral immunity have failed to stop organisms; complete phagocytosis is engulfing and digesting of the organism |
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Term
| What calls phagocytes to scene? |
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Definition
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Term
| What activates complement? |
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Definition
| ag/ab reaction or alternative pathway |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What activates the alternative pathway? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another name for the alternative pathway? |
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Definition
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Term
| The classical pathway is what kind of reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What starts phagocytosis? |
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Definition
| When C3 splits into C3a and C3b, and C binds to the surface of the microbe. |
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Term
| Which complement provides the attraction of the polymorph or macrophage? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which complement binds to the surface of the microbe, makes it sticky, and initiates phagocytosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What provides immune adherence? |
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Definition
| C3a calls macrophages/polymorph and C3b adheres to microbe |
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Term
| After C3 splits, what does C5 split into? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What do anaphlatoxins do? |
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Definition
| they act on mast cells, which release histamine to cause movement of polymorphs to move from blood vessels to the tissues |
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Term
| What is responsible for changing blood vessel permeability? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does immune adherence (stickiness) allow and what is it due to? |
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Definition
| it allows phagocytosis to occur and is due to complement activation |
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Term
| Acute inflammatory response steps 1 & 2 |
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Definition
1) C3b binds to microbe, makes it sticky
2) C3a & C5a provide polymorph attraction |
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Term
| _____ only can produce specific antibodies. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| humoral factors and phagocytosis and alternative pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| antibody response (most sophisticated response); classical pathway - humoral acquired immunity |
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Term
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Definition
| serves to dilute irritating chemicals and bacterial toxins present |
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Term
| What does fluid exudate contain? |
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Definition
| antibacterial components, complement proteins, antibodies, drugs/antibiotics -- any component found in plasma |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three categories of white cells? |
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Definition
granulocytes
monocytes/macrophages
lymphocytes/plasma cells |
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Term
| Granulocytes are responsible for: |
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Definition
| phagocytosis and hypersensitivity reactions |
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Term
| What are the 3 kinds of granulocytes? |
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Definition
1) neutrophils (phagocytosis -> lactic acid -> pain)
2) eosinophils (suppress inflammation)
3) basophils |
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Term
| What are the primary phagocytes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cells are responsible for recognition of foreign antigens and the production of antibodies? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the cellular response begin? |
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Definition
| white cells move into plasmatic zone at injury site |
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Term
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Definition
| red cells are pushed into the plasmatic zone at injury site |
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Term
| What causes bruises to turn purple/green/yellow? |
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Definition
| the breakdown of hemoglobin in the red blood cells of the bruise |
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Term
| What is another name for the purple/green/yellow colors of the bruise? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the predominant white blood cells? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Key points about neutrophils/microphages: |
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Definition
1) actively phagocytic
2) lysosomes contain biologically active macromolecules (lysozymes)
3) active glycolysis (aerobic) -> lactic acid increases, causing pain
4) stimulates accumulation of fibroblasts -> abscess |
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Term
| What is "the big defense"? |
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Definition
| mononuclear cells/macrophages |
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Term
| Where do macrophages come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the development process of the macrophage? |
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Definition
| promonocyte -> monocyte -> mature macrophage |
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Term
| What constitutes the reticuloendothelial system (RES)? |
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Definition
| mononuclear cells/macrophages |
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Term
| Key points about mononuclear cells/macrophages: |
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Definition
1) present throughout connective tissue (histocytes) fixed or wandering
2) long-lived with rough surfaced reticulum and mitochondria; largest of all leukocytes
3) major defense against bacteria, viruses; protozoa are capable of living within the cell
4) major role: presentation of antigen to lymphocyte, antigen trapping, and concentration of antigen |
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Term
| Phagocytosis and be observed in _____, in _____ of evolution. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four steps of phagocytosis? |
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Definition
1) microbe must adhere to surface of macrophage or neutralize; this is called immune adherence
2) engulfment occurs
3) lysosomal granules within fuses with vacuole; called a phagolyosome (slaughter process)
4) digestion through digestive enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| through tissue damage (trauma/microbe proliferation) |
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Term
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Definition
stimulation through release of chemical substances (cytokines/complement components)
chemotaxins are chemicals which attract phagocytes (produced by injured or dying cells and bacterial cells) |
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Term
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Definition
once recognized as foreign, the engulfment occurs through amoeboid movement, forming a phagocytic vacuole (phagosome)
the bacteria must be more hydrophobic than the phagocyte (most non-pathogens) |
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Term
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Definition
| degranulation; hydrolytic enzymes and peroxidase is released into phagosome; neutrophils die and are phagocytized; macrophages are not harmed unless substance is toxic |
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Term
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Definition
| biologically active substances (soluble factors) that may directly influence the movement of macrophages and their activity |
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Term
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Definition
Macrophage Chemotactic Factor
causes accumulation of macrophages (mononuclear phagocytes) at site of antigen mediated lymphokine release |
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Term
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Definition
Macrophage Inhibition Factor
inhibits macrophage migration (cells discouraged from leaving) |
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Term
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Definition
Macrophage Activating Factor
produces significant morphological changes (ruffling of the surface membrane, "angry" appearance, heightened ability to kill of ingested intracellular organisms, activate macrophages to destroy |
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Term
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Definition
| important to phagocytosis; interact with bacterial surface making them more phagocytic (coating bacterium, ex: C3 components C3a & C3b) |
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Term
| Some bacteria are _____ by phagocytosis and can _____ of macrophage, spreading infection. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ pathogens generate toxins which destroy WBCs; _____ is resistant to digestion and is carried throughout the body in phagalosome. |
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Definition
| Staph/Strep; mycobacterium brucella |
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Term
| What are some other purposes of phagocytosis? |
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Definition
dispose of dying or damaged cells; removed of RBCs from spleen
removal of tissue debris from repairing wounds
suppress growth of tumors/cancer
tissue rejection |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Which bacteria is resistance to engulfment? |
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Definition
encapsulated bacteria
ex: pneumococci - does not activate alternative pathway
ex: staph & strep - multiply fast, antibiotics are given to keep up |
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Term
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Definition
protects external surfaces (secretory immuglobulins)
found in saliva, tears, intestines, lungs, and body secretions
coats surfaces of lining so microbes cannot adhere to mucosa surfaces
if IgA is penetrated, pathogen comes up against MALT system of defense |
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Term
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Definition
Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue
MALT system = IgE
IgE is found on mast cells
some microbes give off toxins
antitoxins are antibodies against toxins (related to, but are not immunoglobulins)
when antitoxins come in contact with toxin = neutralization
1) antitoxin neutralizes toxin
2) microbe is phagocytized |
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Term
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Definition
surface component
is M protein, which inhibits phagocytosis
ex: beta hemolytic, or Group A strep, infection produces antibodies that are directed against M protein component; when antibodies coat step organism, it can be phagocytized |
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Term
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Definition
test for antibodies to Group A strep
antibodies decrease titer with bad infection; antibiotics are given to assist
streptolysin O. is an exotoxin of Group A strep |
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Term
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Definition
resists phagocytosis because of in-vivo capsule formation and production of protein A, which binds to Fc region on Ig and prevents phagocytosis
high dose antibiotics given with infections of S.aureus (hard to eliminate infections) |
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Term
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Definition
antibodies that require no known stimulus
mechanisms:
1) genetic
2) cross reaction - specific antigens that have similar antigen determinants
3) antigenic stimulation - specific antigen stimulus when they gain access into the body through natural means |
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Term
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Definition
enzyme found in many cells, tears, saliva
has antibacterial activity and mucolytic activity, destroying backbone of gram positive and gram negative bacteria (acetyl, amino, sugars) |
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Term
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Definition
serum protein without C3 + Mg++ exhibits bactericidal and viricidal effects
activated complement through alternative pathway |
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Term
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Definition
released from platelets during coagulation
bactericidal for gram positive (except streptococci) |
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Term
| cytokines: interferon (IFN) |
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Definition
| family of glycoproteins that avert virus non-specific antiviral activity; selectively inhibits the synthesis of viral RNA and proteins |
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Term
| What stimulates the production of interferon? |
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Definition
1) viral infection
2) intracellular parasites
3) protozoa
4) bacteria
5) endotoxins |
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Term
| What are the three groups of interferon? |
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Definition
1) IFN alpha (leukocyte IFN); type I
2) IFN beta; type I
3) IFN gamma (produced by T-cells, immune IFN); type II |
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Term
| cytokines: tumor necrosis factor (TNF) |
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Definition
host response to gram negative bacteria
major source: LPS (lipopolysaccharide); activated mononuclear phagocyte
link between specific IR and inflammation |
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Term
| cytokines: interleukin-1 (IL) |
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Definition
source activated moncytic phagocytosis
small amount - immunoregulatory
large amount - endocrine effects
IL-1 + TNF induces fever, acute phase proteins by liver |
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Term
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Definition
monocytic phagocytosis synthesized, vascular endothelial cells, fibroblasts, other detected following gram negative bacteria infection
hepatocytes to make fibrinogen (acute phase proteins) |
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Term
| cytokines: interleukin-8 family |
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Definition
produced by: antigen activated T-cells, LPS activated, cytokine activated monocytic phagocytosis, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and platelets
cause inflammation by stimulating leukocytes
IL-8 is chemotactic factor for neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes
principle secondary mediators of inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| group of non-specific serum |
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Term
| cytokines: acute phase proteins |
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Definition
hepatic synthesis
increased plasma proteins at site of injury
major role in wound healing |
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Term
| Name five kinds of acute phase proteins: |
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Definition
CRP - C Reactive Protein
fibrinogen
ceruloplasmin
macroglobulin
anti-trypsin |
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Term
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Definition
interspecies differences of susceptibility
racial and individual differences
immunologically deficient diseases |
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Term
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Definition
susceptibility vs. non-susceptibility
influenced by hormones (adrenal, sex, thyroid, pineal) |
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Term
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Definition
affecting non-specific immune response by increased or decreased phagocytosis (increased or decreased killing of intracellular bacteria)
diabetes mellitus
cancer
uremia
CGD (Kx WBC) |
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Term
| stimulated by drugs/medications (antibiotics) |
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Definition
endotoxin (small amount)
tuberculin
zymosan |
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Term
| increased body temperature |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| other factors affecting overall immune response |
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Definition
age
nutrition
sex
route of antigen entering host
dosage of antigen and number of times
pre-existing health
overall general health |
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Term
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Definition
new science
stress and the immune response
ex: loss of loved one can cause depression which causes decrease in the immune response |
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