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wrote The World is Flat that characterized globalization as having 3 distinct phases.
1. Globalization 1.0
2. Globalization 2.0
3. Globalization 3.0 |
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| as defined by Friedman is the integration of economies throughout the world, enabled by innovation and technological progress. |
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| began in about 1492, mainly european countries were globalizing by trying to extend their territories into the New World. Took the world from size large to size medium. |
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| 1800-2000, still mostly europeans and americans involved, increase in technology allowing companies to globalize. World went from size medium to size small. |
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| 200-now, individuals and small groups are now globalizing, emergence of new industries. World went from size small to size tiny. |
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| Enabler #1-The fall of the Berlin Wall |
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| November 9, 1989=fall of the Berlin Wall and the fall of communism opened up new markets for talent and products |
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| The moving of business processes or tasks (such as accounting or security) to another company |
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| Companies moving business functions performed by the same company to another country |
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| delegation of a company's logistics operations to a subcontractor that specializes in that operation |
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| companies outsourcing business processes on a global scale |
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| Enabler # 10-"The Steroids" |
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| technologies that make different forms of collaboration "digital, mobile, virtual, and personal". |
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| Regulatory Challenges to operating in the Digital World |
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Most countries have their own sovereign governments, taxes, laws, and regulations differ from country to country, and companies have to follow the rules of their host countries.
ex: tariffs, embargoes and export regulations |
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| regulate the flow of goods and services into and out of the country. Nature and amount of such tariffs have to be considered when deciding whether to import or export goods and services, manufacture in a foreign country etc. |
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limiting (or prohibiting) trade with one particular country.
ex: US embargo with Cuba |
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| directed at limiting the export of certain goods to other countries. |
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| Internet Access and Individual Freedom |
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| ex: Cuba & North Korea block internet access altogether and only allow a handful of people to use it, China does not allow Skype-like programs etc. |
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| the combination of economic and political factors that influence a region. |
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| Companies can use the time difference for their advantage; but it can also hinder collaboration. |
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| Infrastructure-Related Challenges |
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| Most Western countries have fast and reliable telecommunications infrastructures but in other countries connectivity is not always a given. ex: network outage in Africa can stop communications infrasrtuctureof an entire other country, also undersea network cables connecting different regions of the world are accidentally being cut. |
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| Challenged Related to Economic Welfare |
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| gap between rich and poor countries has widened, most companies will not do business with these poor countries. |
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| As defined by Hofstede is the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another. |
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| how different societies handle the issue of human inequality and sheds light on the inherent power structure w/ in the organizations and teams. |
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| helps in understanding the risk-taking nature of a culture. |
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| Individualism/Collectivisim |
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| reflects the extent to which a society values the position of an individual versus the position of a group. |
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| the degree to which a society is characterized by masculine qualities, such as assertiveness, or by feminine characteristics, such as nuturance which can have important implications in terms of user preferences for technology, how user req. are collected, or how teams assign roles and collaborate. |
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| differs across cultures, with some cultures having a relatively longer-term orientation, reflecting an appreciation for future rewards, perserverance, and long-term planning. |
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| contrasts the extent to which a culture focuses on the quantity versus the quality of life. Quantity= more competitive that values achievement. Quality=values relationships, interdependence and concern for others. |
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| Home-Replication Strategy |
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| International operations seen as secondary to home operations. Systems=domestic sytems (if any)
Communications=limited (if any)
Data Resources=Local databases (if any) |
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| Federation of associated business units; decentralized. Systems= Decentralized systems
Communications=Direct commun. between home office and subsidaries
Data Resources= Local databases |
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| Attempt to achieve economies of scale by producing identical products in large quantities for a variety of different markets; centralized. Systems=Centralized systems
Communications=Multiple networks between home office and subsidaries
Data Resources= data sharing between central home office and subsidaries |
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| Some aspects centralized, others decentralized; integrated work. Systems=Distributed/shared systems; Internet-enabled applications
Communications=enterprise-wide linkages
Data Resources=Common global data resources |
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| Allows individuals to utilize powerful search engines on the internet, such as Google, Yahoo! or MSN, to build their "own personal supply chain of info, knowledge, and entertainment". |
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| Delegation of a company's logistics operations to a subcontractor that specializes in that operation. |
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| Assembly plants on the Mexican side of the US-Mexican border |
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| There is a lot of difficulty when transfering data to other countries. |
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| Web sites allowing users to add, remove, or edit content. |
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| A variety of software applications that allow for software-to-software interaction. |
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