- Invention of writing in Mesopotamia (3000 to 4000 bc)

- Invention of the written book in China (1300 bc) and Greece (500 bc)

- Gutenberg's invention of the printing press and movable type (1450)

- Invention of digital networked computers (1950)

Revolutionary Nature of the Web

C - connectivity

H - Hypertext Interactivity

A - Architecturally Open

N - New Media Capabilities

G - Graphical User Interface (GUI)

E - Ease of Application Development

Functional Convergence:

"Electronic Document Interchange"

Functiional Convergence:

Central Information Repository

Functional Convergence:

Electronic Messaging

Functional Convergence:

Electronic Publishing

Pervasive Digitization

- Provides historical, current, and predictive views of business operations and environments

- gives organizations a competitive advantage in the marketplace

Embedded in this evolution is the move from simply cost containmnt to value maximization

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• Rooted in the mainframe era

- Focus on data collection and processing for efficiency benefits

- cost reduction in the organization

- repetitive operations

- human involvement minimal

- IS management involved controlling hardware costs

• Rooted in the PC era

- Focus on getting the right information at the right time in the right format to the right decision maker for effectiveness benefits

- need better integration of hardware, software, data processing, and people

• emphasis on systems development & project management includes:

- Decision support systems (DSS)

- Intelligent Information Systems

- Early Executive Information Systems (EIS)

• Rooted in the Network Era

- focus on coordinations and collaboration with external partners for strategic benefits

- need to align IT strategy and business strategy

- Requires top managemnt involvement

*Includes*:

• Sophisticated executive information systems (EIS)
• Enterprise-wide systems (ERP systems)
• Business-to-consumer (B2C) customer-facing systems (CRM systems)
• Business-to-business (B2B) supply chain systems

Executive Information System (EIS)

- Analyze essential information from both external and internal sources

- Manipulate and refine data to make it more meaningful

Data

Database

Process

Information

Data

Input to the system

- Sources of data

*external

*internal

- Time of orientation

*Logs historical facts, future predictions

- Can be collected in different forms

*Aggregated

*Disaggregated

• Collection of all relevant data organized in a series of intergrated files

- Essential for the success of any information system

- managed with database managment system (DBMS): e.g., Access, Oracle

- Reduces personnel time needed to gather, process, and interpret data manually

Process

Generates the most useful type of information for decision making

- Models used to transform data into information

- Generally includes transaction-processing reports and models for the decision analysis

- Includes a wide range of models to support all levels of decision making

Output facts that have been analyzed by the process component

- Quality of information is impacted by:

*Timeliness

*Intergration with other data and information

*Consistency and Accuracy

*Relevance

- Graphical User Interface (GUIs)

*Must be flexible and easy to use

- Ultimate goal of an information system

*Generate business intelligence (BI)

- Point of Sale (POS) system

* Fast customer service, improved inventory management

- Wired and Wireless networks

*efficient in-store communication

*coordination across many stores across US and Canada

- Web Site

*Promote products, higher sales via e-commerce

-RFID tags

*better manage inventory

*Second most important resource in any organization after human resources

*Key Issue: Use IT to manage the four M's

- Manpower

- Machinery

- Materials

- Money

Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS)

• Satelite Network

- Largest private satellite communication system in US, links branch stores with home office

- Powerful POS systems

• RetailLink

- Required for all suppliers

- EDI (electronic data interchange)

- RFID (radio frequency identification)

• 2005 University of Arkansas study reported RFID reduced out of stocks (OOS) by 21% over non-RFID based stores

- Identified three strategies for competing in the marketplace successfully

*overall cost leadership/Differentiation/Focus

- Importance of segmentation and price discrimination

• Used for analyzing an organization, its marketplace, and how information systems could be used to make it more competitive

- Buyer Power

- Supplier Power

- Threat of substitute products or services

- Threat of new entrants

- Rivalry among existing competitors

• High when customers have many choices
• Low when they have few choices
• Limit buyers' choices by offering services that make it difficult for customers to switch

• High when customers have fewer options
• Low when customers have more options
• Use information systems to make their products and services cheaper

• High when many alternatives for an organization's products or services are available
• Add services to make organizations more distinct
• Add fees to discourage customers from switching

• Low when duplicating a company's product or service is difficult (low barriers to entry)
• use focus strategies to ensure that this threat remains low

• High when many competitors occupy the same marketplace position
• low when there are few competitors

Concept

Revenue

Value

Cost Model

Asset Model

Capabilities

- Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

- Control Unit

- Can be a single processor or multiprocessor

Hardware Generations: First

*HG: 1946-1956

- Major Technologies: Vaccum Tube

- Major Attribute: Machine Language

Exp.) *ENIAC*

 HG: 1957-1963

- Major Technologies: Transistors

- Major Attribute: Assembly Language

Exp.) IBM 7094, 1401

HG: 1964-1970

- Major Technologies: Integrated Circuits, remote data entry, telecommunications

- Major Attribute: High-level language

Exp.) IBM 360, 370

HG: 1971-1992

- Major Technologies: Miniaturizing, BLSI, personal computers, Optical Disks

- Major Attribute: __ - generation language

Exp.) Cray XMP, Cray III

HG: 1992- Present

Major technologies: Parallel processing, gallium arsenide chips, optical technologies

Major attribute: Natural language processing (NLP)

Ex). IBM Systems z10

Computer Operations:

3 basic tasks

Speed

Measured as number of instructions performed per fraction of a second

•Millisecond: 1/1000 of a second

•Microsecond: 1/1,000,000 of a second

•Nanosecond: 1/1,000,000,000 of a second

•Picosecond: 1/1,000,000,000,000 of a second

Accuracy

-          Computers don’t make mistakes

-          Degree of accuracy is critical in many computer applications

Ex). Space mission calculations

–Saving data in and accessing data from memory

–Data is stored in bits using binary system [0 or 1]

–American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)

•Code to represent and transfer data

•Eight bits is one byte

•ASCII uses 7 bits to define up to 128 characters

Input devices

Send data and information to computer

(keyboard, mouse, touchsceen, light pen, trackball, data tablet, barcode reader, optical  character reader, etc., )

Output devices

For mainframes and personal computers

Soft copy

-          Cathode ray tube (CPT), plasma, liquid crystal display (LCD)

Hard copy

-          Printer ( Inkjet, laser)

Voice

Main memory

- Set of programs for controlling and managing computer HW and SW

- Provides an interface between a computer and the user

- Increases computer efficiency by helping users share computer resources and performing repetitive tasks for users

Exp.) Windows 7, Windows Vista, Mac OS X, Android, Windows XP, Unux

- Control programs: Job management, resource allocation, data management, communication

•Add, delete, modify, and retrieve records from a database

• Query language

Structured Query Language (SQL)                

  •Standard fourth-generation query language used by many DBMS packages
•SELECT statements, etc.
Query by example (QBE)
•Construct statement of query forms
•Graphical interface