Term
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Definition
| all the genetic info in a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| segment of dna that produces a function usually a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| dna that usually carries gen mat |
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Term
| molecular study of genomes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
chromosome shape?
chromo attaches to? |
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Definition
1.)singular, circular
2.)plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| gen info inside a cell to produces proteins needed for cell to function |
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Term
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Definition
| gen info transfered between 2 cells of the same generation |
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Term
1. blue print for a cell?
2. proteins are obtained from where?
3. dna can be transfered to cells in the same generation, resulting in? |
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Definition
1. dna
2. parent or other cell
3. new combos of gebnes |
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Term
| nucleic acids consist of? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 examples of nucleic acids/polynucleotides? |
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Definition
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Term
| nucleosides consist of what 3 things? |
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Definition
pentose
phosohate group
nitrogen contianing base(pur/pyr) |
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Term
| in dna, a nucleotide has a ribose where? |
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Definition
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Term
| nucleoside consist of what 2 tings? |
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Definition
pentise
nitrogen-containing base |
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Term
1. 4 bases of DNA?
2. what does rna have that dna doesnt?
3. dna and rna are similr why?
4. diff in RNA/DNA |
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Definition
1. ATGC
2. U instead of T
3. b/c both have nucleic acids, phosphate groups, 5 carbon sugar ring, made of nucleotides, involved in gen mat
4.single/stranded AGUC/AGTC |
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Term
in RNA, what connects the backbone?
what type of bond? |
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Definition
| sugar phosphate back bone and covanlent bond |
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Term
in DNA:
1. AT/GC bond how?
2.backbone made of?
3.structure? |
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Definition
1.hydrogen bond
2. sugar-phosphate
3.double helix |
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Term
AT have how many H-bonds?
GC have how many H-bonds?
what do purines bind to? |
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Definition
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Term
strands of DNA are?
polymers of nucleotides? |
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Definition
-antiparalle
-Adenine Guanine Thymine Cytosine |
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Term
| describe semiconservative replication |
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Definition
1.)the 2 strands begin to unwind at replication fork by helicase enzymes
2.)H-bonds form between new nucleotides and each strand forms new template; DNA poly attach b/t complimentary base pairs
3.)enzymes catalyze formation between new nucs
3.) |
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Term
| which strands serves as template? |
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Definition
| parents strand for daug strand |
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Term
1.)dna is copied by? adding what?
2.)what direction does replication go?
3.)poly adds nucs to what end?
4.)copying dna is initiated by?
5.)what strand is synthesized continuously and discontin?
6.)okazaki fragment?
7.)okazaki frags joined by? |
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Definition
1.) DNA poly by adding new nucs to end of growing strand
2.)5' to 3'
3.)3'
4.)RNA primer
5.)leading is synthesized continuously
6.)with out these being connected would cause the rep dna to become damaged and useless
7.)dna poly, dna ligase |
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Term
-dna trnscribed to make?
-how does transcription begin?
-transcription goes in what direction?
-transcrip stops when? |
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Definition
-rna
-when rna poly binds to promoter region(INITIATION)
-5' to 3'(ELONGATION)
-terminator sequence has been reached(TERMINATION) |
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Term
| describe process of transcription |
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Definition
| rna poly binds to promoter sequence and dna begins to unwind. rna is synthesized by complimentary base pairing of free nucs to nucs on template strand of dna. site of synthesis moves along strand of dna and dna that has been transcribed is rewinds. transc then reaches terminator site and gene ends. rna and rna poly is released and dna helix reforms |
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Term
| the genetic code is________? |
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Definition
| degenerate b/c more than 1 code can code for the same amino acid |
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Term
initiator complex contains?
-tRNA carries?
-in what ordr does transc and trans happen? in order for what?
-poly pep bonds are made of? |
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Definition
-ribosome and mRNA
-the complimentary anticodon
-trancs to transl/ cell to metabolize and grow
-aa chains |
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Term
translation:
1.)mRNA is translated in?
2.)translation of mRNA begins where?
3.) transl ends at? |
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Definition
1.)codons {3nucs}
2.)at start codon AUG
3.)at nosense codons: UAA UAG UGA |
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Term
describe:
1. rRNA
2.tRNA
3.mRNA |
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Definition
1.ribosomal... from ribos
2.transfer.... delivers AA to ribos
3.messenger... carry info to cells |
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Term
1.when does simultaneous transc and transl occur?
2.in a prok cell where is transc and transl occur? |
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Definition
1. only in prok cell cause has no nucleus so transl start right after transc
2.they are couled, transl starts while mRNA is being synthesized |
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Term
1.) in a euk cell where is transc and transl take place?
2.)introns must be processed how?
3.cut out and splicing happen together? |
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Definition
1.)tranc happens in nuc, transl happens in cytoplasm
2.)introns are cut out(regions that dont encode for proteins) and exons splice together in regions that are expressed
3. no must happen sep |
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Term
REGULATION:
1. constitutive genes?
2.)constitu genes transc and transl how?
3.genes that are expressed only as need? |
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Definition
1.are not regulated
2.at fixed rates
3.catabolic, repressible, inducible genes |
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Term
| a set structural genes, their regulators genes, and control region? |
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Definition
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Term
-2 sites of the operon?
-what is not part of the operon?
-what id the regulatory gene do? what is it symbol on the operon? |
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Definition
-promotor and operator
-regulatory gene
-the product of this gene regulates the operon/ l |
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Term
| -2 regions of the operon and what they contain |
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Definition
| control region contains the P and O sit, and structural structural genes containing the Z Y A sites. |
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Term
| what is significant about the control region? |
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Definition
| -it contains the P and O site which turn a system on or off |
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Term
| -Induction default position is always? "inducible system" |
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Definition
| -always off, MUST BE TURNED ON |
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Term
-what happens during induction when the inducer binds to the repressor protein?
-what hapens if an active reppressor protein binds to the o site along with rna poly? |
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Definition
-the system will become inactivated and transcription WILL be allowed. the inducer binds with the activated repressor prot amd bind to the O sit.
-if a lone active repressor prot binds to O and rna poly bind to P, then it will prevent transc |
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Term
| a repressible default is always?? "repressible system" |
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Definition
| -always on and being transcribed unless repressor prot is activated, MUST BE TURNED OFF |
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Term
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Definition
| repressor protein is always inactive, unless an outside source activates the repressor prot. when rna poly binds to to P site and an ACTIVE repressor binds to O site the system is shut off and nothign is being produced |
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Term
-enzymes that metabolize glucose are?
-a catabolic repression is also known as? |
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Definition
-constitutive
-the "glucose effect"/ most organisms prefer to use glucose first over other sugars |
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Term
describe Lactose present with NO glucose in a system
-what type of cell? |
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Definition
will have a positive control. cAMP will bind to the inactive CAP and bind in the promoter region on the P site next to rna poly(on O site) and will cause an inactive lac repressor
-lactose inactivating |
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Term
| describe lactose and glucose present in a system |
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Definition
| has a negative control. the inactive CAP keeps off of the ooperon and rna poly cant bind. therefor a inactive lac repressor is produced. |
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Term
-when glucose in present in a cell, the levels of cAMP are__?
-when gluc is in a cell it inhibits and stimulates what? |
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Definition
-low
-synthesis of cAMP and stimulates transport out of the cell |
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Term
-what is a mutation?
-mutations can be ___,____,___?
-spontaneous mutations due to?
-inducible mutations due to? |
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Definition
-change in gen mat
-harmful, beneficial, neutal
-errors in dna rep
-agents in environ |
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Term
1.base substitution?(point mutation)
2.missense mutation
3.nonsense mutation
4.in nonsense, if the stop codon comes too early, what happens? |
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Definition
1.change in a base or loss or gain of abase
2.result in change in AA
3.calls for a STOP codon in wrong place
4.will affect prot in much greater length |
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Term
1.frameshift mutation
2. mutations dont always change?
3.more than 1 codon will code for ___? |
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Definition
1.insertion or deltion of 1 or more nucleotide pairs
2.the protein produced
3.1 AA-degenerate |
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Term
-spontaneous mutation(abt 1 in a billionth replicated base pairs/abt 1 in 10e-6 rep genes) rate depends on?
-mutagen? (can increase 10e-5/10e-3 per rep gene) |
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Definition
-both the rate of the mutation and efficiency of dna repair
-chemical/agent that can cause a disease/mutation |
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Term
1. 2 factors that cause a mutation
2. spontaneous mutations occur? |
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Definition
1.mutagens and spon mut
2.in the absence of a mutagen |
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Term
| a nucleoside base analog resembles purines and pyrimidine structures... with CHEMICAL MUTAGENS, an AT pair can become a CT pair how? |
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Definition
| a 2-aminopurine can be incorporated into DNA in place of adenine but can pair with cytosine |
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Term
| a AT can be replaced by GC in a pyrimide structure how? |
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Definition
| a 5-bromouracil is used as an anitcancer drug b/c it is mistaken for thymine by cellular enzymes but pairs with cyotsine.. in the next dna rep, an AT pair becomes a GC pair |
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Term
RADIATION:
1.ionizing radiation( X&gamma rays) cause the formation of__ that reacts with ___and 2 other things things? |
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Definition
-causes formation of ions that can react with nucleosides
-the deoxyribose-PO4 backbone
-causes brks in strands of dna resulting in dna fragmentation |
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Term
1.UV radiation causes?
2.UV radiation lysed or absorbed?
3.UV rad has what type of bonding?
4.UVrad causes mistakes with? |
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Definition
1.thymine dimers
2.absorbed
3.covalent
4.dna poly |
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Term
| explain DNA excision repair due to uv rad |
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Definition
1.causes adjacent thymine dimers to become cross linked T.D. and dirupt their normal base pairing
2.endonuclease cuts dna, exonuclease removes damaged dna
3.dna poly fills gap by synthesizing new dna using the intact strand as a template
4. dna lygase seals the gap by joing old and new dna 2gether |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
1. detects mutant cells because they grow or appeardiffernet
2.detcts mutant cells because the do not grow |
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Definition
1.positive(direct) selection
2.negative (indirect) selection-replica plating |
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Term
1.GENETIC RECOMB?
2.occurs during reproduction b/t generation of cells
3.the transfer of genes b/t cells of same generation
4.gen recomb has what 2 cells? |
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Definition
1.exchange of genes b/t 2 dna molecules
2.vertical gene transfer
3.horizontal gene transfer
4.donor and recipient |
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Term
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Definition
| -when 2 chromos brk and rejoin |
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Term
| 1.in gen recomb, where did donor dna come from? |
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Definition
| 1.came from another cell, but not from inside of cell. cell was lysed and now in fragment in cytoplasm |
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Term
| GENETIC TRANSFORMATION(mouse test) |
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Definition
1.)living encapsulated bac injected into mouse... died
*colonies of encap bac retrieved form dead mouse
2.)living non encapsulated bac injected... lived
*phagocytes destroyed much of nonencap bac
3.)heat killed encap bac injected... lived
*no colonies isolated
4.)living nonencap and heat kill encap injected...died
*colonie sof encap isolated./encap was pathogenic and
*encap was pathogenic and took over heat killed |
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Term
BAC CONJUGATION:
1. happens b/t?
2.conj in e. coli between 2 cells |
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Definition
1. sex pillus or mating bridge connects 2 live cells
2. conjugal junction b/t a F+ and F- cell allows the transfer of the F factor through rep= 2 of the same cells (F+ F+) w/ bac chromo in each |
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Term
1. conjugation of 1 F+ cell
2.HFR cell + F- cell |
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Definition
1. recomb of F factor and chromo occur at specific site on each.. insertion of F factor in chromo= integrated F factor(HFR)
2. rep and transfer of part of chromo from Hfr to F- = a recomb F- cell that has part of a Hfr chromo |
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Term
| transduction by bacteriophage |
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Definition
| bacteriphage infects donor bac cell, phage dna and prot made and relased in cell and chromo brks into peices, phage and bac dna are assembled in cell and lysed out.. phage w/ bac dna infect new host cell. recomb between bac dna and host chromo occur and genotype different from both donor and recipient cells |
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Term
PLASMIDS:
1. carries genes for sex pili and trasnfer of plasmid
2.encodes enzymes for catabolism of unusual compounds
3.encodes antibiotic resistance
4. can 1 cell transfer resistance to other cells? |
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Definition
1.conjugative plasmid
2.dissimilation plasmids
3. R factors
4.yes |
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Term
TRANSPOSONS:
1.segments of dna that can.......?
2. contain insertion sequences for?
3.complex transposons carry? |
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Definition
1.move from one region of dna to another
2.cutting the tranposon, move it, and resealing DNA
3. other genes |
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Term
1. jumping genes
2. transposons recognize inverted genes and does what?
3. transpsase do what? |
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Definition
1.can change their location on a chromo or move to another chromo
2.put themselves their
3. cut dna leaving sticky ends of transposon and target dna anneal |
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Term
GENES AND EVOLUTION:
1.mutation and recomb provide?
2. fitted organisms for enviro are selected how? |
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Definition
1.diversity
2.natural selection |
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