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Thirteenth (13th) Amendment
Thirteenth (13th) Amendment |
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| was ratified in 1865; outlawed slavery in the United States and all territories. |
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| Fourteenth (14th) Amendment |
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ratified in 1868;
gave citizenship to all persons born in the U.S. or naturalized |
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| Fifteenth (15th) Amendment |
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ratified in 1870;
barred states from prohibiting any
male citizen from voting;
All females received the right to vote with the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920. |
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| prohibited discrimination in public accommodations such as mass transportation, restaurants, and hotels on the basis of race,color, religion, or national origin |
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| Voting Rights Act of 1965 |
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eliminated discriminatory election practices;
it suspended literacy tests and applied a nationwide prohibition of denial or abridgment of the right to vote on account of race or color |
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| Why Is It Important to Study Minority Health? |
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-increase in # of race/ethnic minorities
-will soon have a "majority minority" population
-race/ethnic minorities generally have worse health than whites trends, an aging society combined with increasing proportions of minorities, will place increasing demands on a health care system that seems ill-prepared to handle it
-We must prepare the next generation of health professionals to work with and in minority populations |
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Who/Target:
What:
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| Office of Budget and Management's (OMB) Directive 15: |
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established standards for the collection of data on race and ethnicity;
version 1: 1977
version 2: 1997
(30 yr gap) |
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| art of judging human character from facial features |
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the number of offspring produced by a population
Rate: # of births per 1,000 females of childbearing age. |
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| Age-Adustment (age-standardization) |
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| a procedure for adjusting various rates, such as birth and death rates, to minimize the effects of differing age distributions when comparing different populations. |
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| *Age-Specific mortality rate |
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| differences in the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and burden of disease and other adverse health conditions that exist among specific population groups in the US (socioeconomic status) |
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| differences in access, utilitzation, quality of care, or outcomes from use of health care services |
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| the study of the distribution and determinants of mortality (death) and morbility (illness) in human populations |
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| Why Infant Mortality is accepted? |
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-the deaths occur when they are too young to have engaged in behaviour that are injurious to their health
-allows for comparison to made btwn populations and across societies w/o having to account for differences in helath behaviors among the individuals
-it is a universal value that socities wish for infants to survive and usually will exert effort to prevent infant deaths |
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| the total number of infant deaths divided by the total number of live births (times 1,000) |
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| deaths within the first twenty-eight days of birth |
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| deaths between twenty-nine and one year after birth |
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the strongest predictor of infant death
(below 2,500 g or 5.5 lbs.) |
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| below 1,500 g or 3.31 lbs. |
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measure of the expected number of years that the average person within a given birth cohort can expect to live if present trends in mortality rates do not change
(greatly influenced by infant mortality) |
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| The mortality rate increases for whites above eighty and decreases for African Americans above age eighty, the opposite in their mortality rate under age eighty for these ethnic groups |
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| health condition with a long term duration |
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| a condition of short duration |
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| Years of Potential Life Lost |
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| an estimate of the number o fo years of life lost due to premature deaths, assuming that all persons should live to be at least age seventy-five |
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| Activity of Daily Living (ADLs) |
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| activities related to personal care and include bathing or showering, dressing, getting into or out of bed or a chair, using the toliet, and eating |
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| Factors that contribute to an individual's life span: |
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1) socioenvironmental factors-
2) behavioral factors
3) biological inheritance |
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| Socioenviornmental Factors |
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| characteristics in the physical environment that impact individuals such as exposure to biological chemicals, or other toxic substances, or exposure to aspects of the society that are injurious to health, such as poverty, low-quality housing, stress, malnutrition,overcrowding, etc... |
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actions that an individual takes
that may affect health and life span, such as smoking, lack of physical activity, underuse of available health services, and abuse of alcohol or other drugs |
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| the degree to which an individual’s genetic endowment predisposes that individual to long life |
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| Leading Causes of Death for Whites/Asians |
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| Leading Causes of Death for Blacks/Hispanics/American Indians |
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| International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) |
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| Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) |
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| Health Status Disparities |
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| Racial/Ethnic Segregation |
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| Resource Deprivation Theory |
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states that individuals with lower social status (such as persons with low socioeconomic status or
racial minorities) are routinely exposed to psychological and socioeconomic stressors (for example, chronic financial strain, job insecurity, and subtle or perhaps not so subtle social insults such as racial discrimination). These stressors require them to exert considerable energy daily to manage the psychological consequences generated by
chronic exposure to stress. |
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| Immigration and Acculturation |
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| the finding that foreign-born persons have better health outcomes than their U.S.-born counterparts; |
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| Racism Psychosocial Model |
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| Hispanic Epidemological Paradox |
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describes a pattern among mortality and morbidity rates in which Hispanics/Latinos tend to have more favorable health outcomes
(in many causes of death) than non-Hispanics/Latinos (particularly Whites).
(1) poor data quality
(2) the “salmon bias” hypothesis,
(3) the healthy migrant hypothesis, and (4) differences in certain risk factors
related to acculturation |
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| Biogenetic-Environmental Interactions |
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| hypothesis that social inequality leads to differential environmental exposures, and these different environmental factors interact with genes to produce health disparities |
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| Slave Hypertension Hypothesis |
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| argues that the higher prevalence of hypertension among African Americans is a result of selective survival. Salt (sodium) deprivation and brutal treatment during the Atlantic slave trade led to an extremely high mortality rate. |
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beliefs, attitudes, institutional
arrangements, and acts that tend to denigrate individuals or groups because of phenotypic characteristics or ethnic group affiliation (Clark, Anderson,Clark, Williams- 2000) |
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views racism as a stressor;
Each individual has a unique set of characteristics (psychological, sociodemographic, and behavior) that comprise their individual constitution. When exposed to racism, individuals will vary in the degree to which they perceive that social stimulus |
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