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Mind Brain Behavior
PSY 252 Colorado State
142
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
12/14/2011

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Term
Wunt
Definition
Sensation and Perception
Germany 1879
Term
Titchener
Definition
Structuralism (Break it Down)
Unis of experience
late 1800s
Term
James
Definition
Functionalism (general rational for processes)
late 1800s
Term
Frued
Definition
Behaviorism: everything is in behavior
Free association
Filter
Unconscious
Term
Watson
Definition
Observation
1958
Term
Skinner
Definition
we are a product of re-enforcement
1990
Skinner box
Term
Rogers
Definition
free will
Humanism
everyone is good
Term
Descriptive Research
Definition
Behavior
Don't manipulate variables
Case studies, surveys, naturalistic observation of behavior
Term
Experimental Research
Definition
Manipulate Independent and Dependent Variables
Term
Cognitive Neuroscience
Definition
Study of the neural mechanisms underlying cognition
Term
Temporal v Spatial Resolution
Definition
Temporal: time
Spatial: place
Term
Lesion Studies and TMS
Definition
deficits and damage
TMS: Trans-cranial Magnetic Stimulation
Temporary "lesion" (disruption)
Term
Neurophysiology (EEG and ERP)
Definition
EEG: record activity of underlying brain tissue (continuous Recording)
ERP: event related activity (electrodes on head)
Term
MRI v fMRI
Definition
MRI: structure. anatomy
fMRI: function (changes in blood flow, O2 changes, Good spatial res, poor temporal res)
Term
Polygenic Inheritance
Definition
multiple genes working towards on trait
Term
Old Genetics v New Genetics
Definition
Old: extra damaged or missing chromosome
New: predispositions- alcoholism, sexual orientation, etc.
Term
Evolutionary Psychology
Definition
evolution of brain and behavior
natural selection, mating behavior, etc
Criticism: untestable, alternative explanations
Term
Behavioral Genetics
Definition
relative power and limits of genetics and environmental influences
Term
Dualist v Monist
Definition
Dualist: mind and brain combine
Monist: brain is the only thing that matters
Term
Perceptual Circle
Definition
1. Sensation
2. Perceptual Organization: making sense of the inputs
3. Identification: I see it
4. Recognition: I know what it is
Term
Transduction
Definition
a change of one type of information to another
Ex: wavelength to neurosignal
Term
Illusions
Definition
Distortion of the senses, reveals how brain organizes and interprets stimulation
Instances when the world and the presentations that ensue are at odds
Term
Naive Realism
Definition
"the world is exactly as it appears" (things are perceived directly)
1. One to one relationship between physical and mental
2. Physically different things bust always be perceived as different
3. Physically identical things must always e perceived as identical
[[Naive Realism is wrong]]
Term
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Visible Light
Definition
Gamma Ray (short)to Radio Waves (long)
Visible light: 400-750 nm
Term
Herschel
Definition
Measured energy (heat) outside visible spectrum (thermometers still heat up out of light)
(1800s)
Term
Crystalline Lens and Accommodation
Definition
the muscles attached to the lens allows change of shape and hence the refractive power of the eye
Term
Presbyopia
Definition
"Old Eye"
caused by the lens hardening with age
Term
Cataract
Definition
Clouding of the lens which results in blurred vision and less light entering the eye
Term
Myopia
Definition
Nearsightedness- Images focus in front of eye
Term
Hyperopia
Definition
Farsightedness- Images focus behind the eye
Term
Astigmatism
Definition
Uneven curvature (non-spherical) of the cornea
Term
Photo receptors
Definition
Term
Rods
Definition
100 mil/eye
More sensitive to light
Scotopic/Night vision
Term
Cones
Definition
5 mil/eye
Photopic/day/color vision
Term
Bleaching
Definition
when too much light is let in, rods saturate and turn white
Term
Mesopic Vision
Definition
using cones and rods
Term
Fovia
Definition
home of cones, no rods
0 degrees
Term
Blind Spot
Definition
No cones or rods
12-15 degrees
Term
Eye to Brain
Definition
Eyes
LGN
Striate cortex
V1
extrastriate
Term
LGN
Definition
Lateral Geniculate Nucei
Term
Receptive Feild
Definition
area of visual field to which a particular neuron responds
Term
Sound
Definition
vibration transmitted through a solid, liquid or gas, composed of frequencies within the range of hearing
Term
Pure Tone
Definition
sound with energy at a single frequency
(ex: tuning fork)
Term
Complex Tones
Definition
sounds with energy at multiple frequencies
Term
Amplitude
Definition
magnitude of change in a wave
Term
Period/Cycle
Definition
time for one completion of a wave
Term
Frequency
Definition
number of cycles/second (Hertz)
Term
Pinna
Definition
Outer Ear- collects sound and amplifies it
gives some directional information
Term
Middle Ear
Definition
transforms sound waves into vibrations
Term
Ossicles
Definition
transmits sounds from air to cochlea
Malleus/hammer
Incus/anvil
Stapes/stirrups
Term
Somatosensory Cortex
Definition
sensory system in the brain related to touch
located in the postcentral gyrus in perietal lobe
Somatotopic Mapping
Term
Haptic Technology
Definition
Haptic (touch) system that interfaces a machine with a human
Ex: Vibrating game controller
Term
Chemical Senses
Definition
Taste/Gustatory
Smell/Olfactory
Require contact between molecules and a receptor
"Gate Keeper senses"
High level of dependence (taste is crude, rely on smell)
Proximal senses (only can detect near by things
Warning system
Term
Anosmia
Definition
inability to smell
Term
Ageusia
Definition
inability to taste
Term
Super Tasters
Definition
25% of Americans
more intense
often cant eat bitter foods
Term
Perceptual Categories
Definition
Salty, Sweet, Sour, Bitter, Umami (savory)
Term
Parts of the Tongue
Definition
Filiform (entire surface, no taste buds)
Fungiform (bumps on tongue)
Foliate (taste buds, on fungiform)
Circumvallate (bumps on back of tongue)
Term
Odorant
Definition
Physical substance capable of eliciting a response
Term
Odor
Definition
Sensation from processing oderant
Term
Odor Threshold
Recognition Threshold
Definition
Odor:Minimum concentration for detection
Recognition: Minimum concentration for identification
Oder threshold lower than recognition
Term
Olfactory Sensory Neurons
Definition
traducers for smell
in Olfactory Mucosa
20 million OSNs in humans
Term
Martha McClintock
Definition
Menstrual Synchrony (1970s)
phermones can accelerate or delay onset of menstration
Term
Phermones
Definition
no smell but is processed by Olfactory
affects physiology and behavior (mood, sex, etc)
Term
Preferential Looking technique
Definition
present two stimuli, if the child has a preference they can discriminate
Term
Constrast Sensitivity Function
Definition
Contrast threshold (visible to invisible)
measure with preferential looking
Term
Habituation Paradigm
Definition
dis-habituates: child can discriminate
Continued habituation: cant perceive the difference
Term
Binocular Vision
Definition
Stereopsis develops 3-4mo
Term
Auditory Development
Definition
Sound localization
Term
Sensory Integration
Definition
Neurological process that organizes sensations from ones own body and the environment
Term
Neuro Plasticity
Definition
the ability of the human brain to change as a result of one's experience
Term
Modivation
Definition
what drives/moves/inspires us
emotional/need based rewards
Cognitive rewards (lymbic)
Term
James Olds and Peter Milner
Definition
1954
Reward and fear pathway
electrodes in 15 male rats
skinner box
ignored hunger and thirst to press lever and continue stimulation
Term
Homeostatic Mechanism
Definition
Thermostat for Regulatory Behavior
Term
Mesocortical
Definition
connects mesencephelon with Prefrontal Cortex
Term
Mesolimbic
Definition
Connects mesencephelon with Limbic System
Term
Reward Pathway (High and Low)
Definition
Higher Pathway: want
Lower Pathway: need
Term
Mesencephalon
Definition
Mid brain, connected to prefrontal cortex and limbic system with reward pathways
Term
Ventral Tegmental Area
Definition
Begining of reward pathways, in Mesencephalon
Term
Dopamine
Definition
Neurotransmitter with many functions. Reward
Term
The Motivation Funnel
Definition
Limbic+Cortex -> hypothalimus -> motivation
Term
Drugs
Definition
A chemical that intentially changes the neuro physiology of brain
Term
Pleasure scale
Definition
Dysphoria, anhedonia, bored, i feel negative, normal range, i feel good, interested, pleasure, euphoria
Term
Agonist and Antagonist Drugs
Definition
Agonist enhances the function of synapsis
Antagonist blocks function of synapsis
Term
Phantom Limbs
Definition
sensation that amputated limb is still there
Tactile confusion
Mirror Box
Term
Blind Sight
Definition
Crude but accurate visual judgment despite blindnes
Term
Visual Neglect
Definition
usually results from brain damage that causes and individual to to ignore a region of visual feild
Term
Capgras delusion
Definition
person believes familiar individuals are imposters
Term
Csik
Definition
research on flow
pager in front of class, when buzz what thoughts now
teacher teaching about Khan
0/27 thinking about khan
2 w/ related thoughts: Chinese food and stereotypes
Term
Cognitive Psychology
Definition
Science of Thinking
Term
Transformed, Reduced, Elaborated, Stored, Recovered and Used
Definition
Transformed: Physical Energy -> Neural Activity
Reduced: Simplified (parts lost)
Elaborated: Connected to other info
Stored: Keep info for later
Recovered: Get info later
Used: all of the above has a role
Term
Face Perception
Definition
complex, cant recognize upsideown
Term
Proven Memory Techniques
Definition
Elaboration
Spacing
Testing
Term
Template Matching Recognition Theory
Definition
compare stimulus with templates from our memory
doesn't account for flexibility of human perception or obstructed objects
Term
Feature Analysis Recognition Theory
Definition
recognize by identifying its components (distinctive features)
doesn't account for orientation, relationships between features or complex objects
Term
Recognition by Components
Definition
modern theory
Biederman
geometrical ions or geons
explains complex objects,
sensitive to angles and line intersections
problem: fine distinctions
Term
Biederman
Definition
Recognition by Components theory
Term
Top-Down v Bottom-Up Processing
Definition
Top-Down: general guidelines from knowledge (begin fine, end general)
Bottom-Up: guided by raw sensation (begin general, end fine)
Term
Potchen
Definition
2006
view of exray experiment
Term
World Superiority Effect
Definition
more likely to recognize letters in a word, not random letters
Term
Change Blindness
Definition
inability to detect changes in an object or scene
Term
Simon and Levin
Definition
1997 person asks for directions, people with door walk by, change people
50% didn't notice change
Term
Face Recognition
Definition
different from object regonition
fusiform gyrus
Term
Prospagnosia
Definition
inability to recognize faces
caused by damage to fusiform gyrus
Term
Macrea and Trolle
Definition
1956
person in accedent couldn't recognize himself, or his wife and kids. could discriminate with a couple people with unique features
Term
Sacks
Definition
1970
neurologist
"the man who mistook his wife for a hat"
Term
Attention
Definition
not a unitary function, not a single entity
Related to selection
limited capacity
facilitation and inhibition
Term
Wickens and Stages of Information Processing
Definition
1992
1. sensory processing
2. perception
3. decision and response selection
4. response exicution
5. memory
6. attention
Term
William James
Geoff Underwood
Hal Pashler
Definition
WJ 1890 "everybody knows what attention is"
GU 1993 "WJ is was wrong"
HP 1998 "Nobody knows what attention is"
Term
Selective Attention
Definition
the ability to focus on one piece of information and ignore all others
Term
Cocktail Party Effect
Definition
Cherry 1953
ability to block out all outside stimuli to focus on specific information
(conversation in loud party)
Term
Stroop Effect
Definition
1935
Color word experiment
(say color, not word)
Term
Broadbent
Definition
1958
Filter Theory: early filter
Attended information: sensory store -> filter -> pattern recognition -> short term memory

Unattended info -> sensory store -> filter (Stop)
Term
Late Selection
Definition
unattended info -> sensory store -> pattern recognition short term memory
Term
Lavie
Definition
1995
complex: early selection
simple: late selection
Term
Neiser
Definition
1963
search time increases linearly with "distance" of letter from start
rate of search faster when less features shared
Term
Visual Search
Serial and Parallel
Definition
Serial Search: one item at a time
Parallel Search: everything at once
Term
Treisman
Definition
Feature Intigration Theory
Term
Feature Integration Theory
Definition
individual features processed pre attention
combine features
Term
Consistent Mapping
Definition
target item and distractors
Term
Shiffrin and Schneider
Definition
1977
Automatic Processing
Lack of encoding and memory doesn't make it automatic
Term
Redelmeir and Tibshirani
Definition
1997
driving on the phone experiment
hands-free no safer than hand held
Term
Brown, Tichner, and Simmonds
Definition
1967
driving performance with concurrent logic reasoning tasks
no effect on speed or steering
impaired judgement on gaps
Term
Strayer and Johnston
Definition
2001
cell phone distraction
radio not bad
conversations with passenger modulated by driving difficulty
Term
Allocation of Attention
Definition
eye tracking with driving
studied by Goldarecena and Gonzalez 2003
Term
Time to switch attention
Definition
1/5th of a second
Term
Clive Wearing
Definition
studied by Wilson and Wearing
1995
Term
Separate Memory Systems
Definition
Declarative: Fact
Non-Declarative: Procedure
Term
Modal Model
Definition
Atkin and Shiffrin 1968
imput to sensory memory to short term memory to output or rehearse or long term. long term feeds back to short term
Term
Iconic v Echoic
Definition
Iconic: Visual
Echoic: Audio
Term
Short Term Memory
Definition
Temporary memory, few minutes or seconds
Term
Chunking
Definition
Milner 1956
limit: 7 +/- 2
put letters/numbers into small chunks for memory
Term
Working Memory Model
Definition
Baddely 1986, 1990
Phonological store <-> central executive <-> Visio-spatial store
Term
Long Term Memory
Definition
anything stored longer than a few seconds/minutes
no limit to capacity
Term
Primacy and Recency
Definition
remember 1st and last in free recall
Term
Audobiographical Memory
Semantic v Episodic
Definition
memories of ourselves and our relations with the world around us
Semantic: remember name of school
Episodic: remember things that happened in school
Term
Flash Bulb Memories
Definition
Brown and Kulick 1977
memory of surprising and personal events, very vivid and permanent (ex: 9/11)
Term
Paivio
Definition
Image Memory experiment
learn two items together, later shown one object, must remember other
Term
Savant
Definition
really good in one area
less than 100 on earth
Term
Synesthesia
Definition
smell colors
Term
Kosslyn
Definition
1973
scanning time
Term
Unilateral Neglect
Definition
ignore 1/2 of visual feild
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