Voluntary Migration

Moving because you want to.

Involuntary Migration

Refugees; people who have to move because they have a legitimate reason to be fearful for themselves or their family due to war, natural disaster or a tyrant/persecutor.

Internal Migration (aka domestic migration)

Moving to a new home within a state, country, or continent.

External Migration (aka international migration?)

Moving to a new home in a different state, country, or continent.

Emigration

Leaving one country to move to another (e.g., the Pilgrims emigrated from England).

Immigration

Moving into a new country (e.g., the Pilgrims immigrated to America).

Destination

i.e., domestic migration vs. international migration; rural to urban migration (RUM)

Time or Temporal Scale

short-term vs. long-term (permanent?) (not permanent till you’re dead)

Motive

voluntary vs. involuntary; economic migrant; amenity migrant

What is meant by involuntary migration?

Someone is forced to move. It is like a refugee; someone who flees a country because he/she has a legitimate fear for their safety (many due to war, natural disaster, tyrant/persecutor)

human trafficking

Human trafficking is the illegal trade of human beings for the purposes of reproductive slavery, commercial sexual exploitation, forced labor, or a modern-day form of slavery. This doesn’t include illegal immigration or immigrant smuggling.

How and where does human trafficking occur?

Human trafficking happens both domestically and internationally. The people being trafficked are promised jobs and a better life; they pay money to be smuggled into another country only to be sold off as sex slaves most of the time.

Why do people migrate?

People migrate for jobs, family, weather, education, relationships, and life-stage.

What factors commonly influence why someone migrates?

Factors are: whether they want to be away from or close to their family; emotional reasons; familiarity; amenities such as weather; religion or church.

What are a few significant trends about how common migration is?

Some significant trends about how common migration is, are: involuntary migration where people become refugees, fleeing their country because they have a legitimate fear for their safety (many due to war, but also natural disasters and tyrants/persecution); Internally Displaced Person (IDP) who feel the need to move within their country (possibly due to employment, being closer to or farther away from family, etc.); Human trafficking (Domestic and International) which is the illegal trade of human beings for the purposes of reproductive slavery, commercial sexual exploitation, forced labor, or a modern-day form of slavery.

How many people does migration involve?

Migration involves roughly 213 million people, excluding people who are tourists or have short-term Visas.

How does migration both reflect and cause change in society?

Mass migration reflects change in society then causes change in society because when you have a lot of people moving from the Rust Belt to the South and Southwest, in U.S., it affects the U.S.; Phoenix, Arizona is now a major city; money and goods have become increasingly global (you can invest money many places all over the world and ½ of Wal-Mart’s products are made in China); still want to be able to control labor, but want money and goods to go anywhere.

Structural forces that promote emigration.

structural changes in society like closing of factory, new president/mayor, etc.

structural forces that promote immigration

economy; new technology

goals and aspirations of those who migrate

individuals have goals of their own; jobs; better lifestyle

networks that arise to link two areas

very good chance you already know someone where you’re migrating to or you’ll take someone with you; your connections in society that give you more and better opportunities

The structural reasons for migrating from the south to the north in the Great Migration were

institutional racism (legal, financial, educational systems openly discriminating; the Klan); Jim Crow Laws (state and local laws in U.S. enacted between 1876 and 1965 that segregated African-Americans from whites; after Civil War, north mostly ran the south; 1960s the Jim Crow Laws were determined to be illegal); sharecropping poverty in the south (boll weevils destroyed cotton crops and left many African-Americans unemployed)

The structural reasons for going to Chicago in the Great Migration were

industrial and agricultural jobs required manual labor (especially true post-1924 Migration law); more opportunities; World War One demand for labor; segregation and racism, but not the Jim Crow Laws of the south; railroads permitted quick, cheap travel

The goals and aspirations of the migrants in the Great Migration were

escape Jim Crow Laws; better life; jobs; better housing

The networks that arose to link the two areas in the Great Migration were

newspapers (the “Defender”) spread the “optimistic” word; recruiters; development of community reinforces people’s desire to move (churches, neighborhoods, black-owned businesses)

The structural reasons for emigration (departing one country to settle in another country without becoming a Legal Permanent Resident) in the Ecuador Case Study are

jobs to make money to send back home; be able to put their kids through college; bad economy

The structural reasons for immigration (moving into a country of which someone is not a native and becoming a Legal Permanent Resident) in the Ecuador Case Study are

jobs; a better life; expected to go to Metropolitan New York when they’re 15 – 20 years old

The goals and aspirations of the migrants in the Ecuador Case Study are

to work as many jobs as they can in order to pay off the chulqueros (loan shark) and go back to Ecuador with money so they can have a better livelihood and be able to put their kids through college.

The networks that link the two areas in the Ecuador Case Study are

weaving “Panama Hats” connects Southern Ecuador to New York; some people from Ecuador have family and friends here already; banks offer video conferencing to immigrants, to keep them in touch with family, to get their business

What were the major phases of global migration discussed in class?

1500 – 1945 (approximately) – European Expansion (broad phase of international migration)

1980 – Present – “South to North” (Global South to Global North) - movement from developing areas to developed areas (from Latin America, Africa, Asia to Europe and America)

Where did the migrants come from and where did they go?

During the European Expansion (from 1820 – 1932), Europe sent 56,183,000 people overseas with the U.S. getting 32,564,000 of them, Argentina got 6,501,000, Canada got 5,073,000, Brazil got 4,361,000, Australia got 3,443,000, Cuba got 1,394,000, and the rest were disbursed elsewhere.

   During the “South to North” migration, they come from Latin America, Africa, and parts of Asia going to the U.S., Canada, and Europe.

You should know the major waves of U.S. immigration

1790 – 1881 – Open Door Era

1800s – Europeanization of America (1840s – 1860s; 1880-1920)

1965 – Present – “South to North” (Global South to Global North) migration; Asian and Latin American migration to U.S.

1916 – 1970 – The Great Migration

The example of The Great Migration in the U.S.

Migration of 7 million African-Americans from the south to the north and west from 1910 – 1970 (first wave was 1910 – 1930 and second wave was from 1940 – 1970)