Term
| What care is offered during the second stage of labour? |
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Definition
BEENPOP:+ H and C
Bladder Care
Emotional Support
Enviroment
Nutrition
Position and Mobility
Observation
Pain Relief
Hygiene
Comfort |
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Term
| What care is offered during the first stage of labour? |
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Definition
BEENPOP:
Bladder Care
Emotional Support
Enviroment
Nutrition
Position and Mobility
Observation
Pain Relief |
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Term
| What care is offered during the third stage of labour? |
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Definition
Bladder
Observations
Blood Loss
Nutrition
Sutures
Hygiene
Uterus
Cord Clamp |
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Term
Diagnosis of stage and phase of labour:
The cervix is not dilated, what does this mean? |
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Definition
| False labour / Not in labour |
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Term
Diagnosis of stage and phase of labour:
The cervix is less than 4cm dilated |
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Definition
| The woman is in the 1st stage of labour (Latent phase) |
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Term
Diagnosis of stage and phase of labour:
The cervix is dilated 4-9cm (dilatation occurs about 1cm per hour) |
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Definition
| Fetal descent has begun, the women is still considered in the 1st stage of labour but is now considered in the active phase. |
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Term
Diagnosis of stage and phase of labour:
The cervix is fully dilated |
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Definition
| The fetus still continues to descend, however the woman has no urge to push she has now progressed to the 2nd stage of labour, and now in the early (non-expulsive phase) |
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Term
Diagnosis of stage and phase of labour:
The cervix is 10cm, the presenting part of the fetus reaches the pelvic brim. |
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Definition
| The woman now has the urge to push, she is still considered in the 2nd stage of labour and now in the late (expulsive) phase. |
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Term
Abdominal Palpations:
What is the 3 step process of undertaking an abdominal palpation |
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Definition
Observation
Palpation
Auscultation |
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Term
Abdominal Palpations:
Why do you do an abdominal palpation? |
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Definition
1) Establish and affirm the norm
2) Observe signs of pregnancy
3) Assess signs of fetal growth
4) Assess signs of fetal health
5) Determin the lie and position of fetus. |
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Term
Abdominal Palpations:
What are the possible presentations of the fetus |
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Definition
Vertex (97%)
Breech (25%)
Shoulder (0.4%)
Face (0.25%)
Brow (0.1%) |
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Term
Abdominal Palpations:
What does cephalic mean? |
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Definition
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Term
Abdominal Palpations:
What do the different parts of the fetus feel like? |
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Definition
Head = Hard
Back = Hard and rounded
Buttock = Soft and smaller than head
Limbs = Irregular and soft |
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Term
Abdominal Palpations:
What are the different lie's of the fetus |
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Definition
Longitudinal
Transverse
Oblique |
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Term
Abdominal Palpations:
What are the different forms of attitude? |
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Definition
Fully flexed
Poorly Flexed (OP)
Extended |
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Term
Examination of the Newborn (Postnatally)
What rule does the examination of the new born fall into? |
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Definition
| Rule 6 of the midwifery sphere of practice |
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Term
Examination of the Newborn (Postnatally)
If you find something abnormal what should you do? |
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Definition
| Refer on and document clearley |
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Term
Examination of the Newborn (Postnatally)
When should APGAR'S be undertaken? |
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Definition
| 1, 5 and 10 minutes of life |
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Term
Examination of the Newborn (Postnatally)
What does APGAR stand for? |
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Definition
SCORE 0-2 012
A - Apperance - Colour:
Blue/Pale = 0
Pink/Blue = 1
Pink = 2
P - Pulse - Heart Rate
0 = 0
less than 100 = 1
more than 100 = 2
G - Grimace -
None = 0
Grimace = 1
Cry = 2
A - Aattitude - Tone
Floppy = 0
Some tone = 1
Flexed = 2
R - Resperation - Resperation Rate
none = 0
Irregular/ Grunting = 1
Regular = 2 |
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Term
Examination of the Newborn (Postnatally)
What should be checked at delivery? |
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Definition
Colour
Tone
Resperations
Heart Rate
Response
Gestational Age
Trauma? |
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Term
Examination of the Newborn (Postnatally)
What is undertaken on a general neonatal assessment. |
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Definition
Dysmorphic features?
- any anormalities?
Physical assessment
History - Family History
- Delivery History
- Infant History
Pregnancy |
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Term
Examination of the Newborn (Postnatally)
What is done in a top to toe examination? |
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Definition
1) Fontanelles - Any molding? Kaput crosses suture lines
2) Skin - Colour (Peripheal circulation not as developed = blue extremities) Jaundice-> Physiological. Instrumental, FBS, Cord milking, C-Section, breech, any blemishes?)
3) Neck - any creases? not cracked?
4) Eyes, Ears, Mouth - clear? semitrical?
5) Baby temp - Warm to touch?
6) Cord - Clean, Dry, Not offensive smelling
7) Abdomen - Slightly rounded and soft
8) Bowels open, Urinary System, Genitalia.
explain to parents |
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Term
Pain Relief:
Midwives must be able to offer unbiased infomation concerning the pros and cons of various forms of pain relief and coping methods.
What forms of pain relief can be offered? |
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Definition
Baths, hot flannels, water
Back Rubbing
Tens Machine - works better in ealy labour, transmits low voltage electrical impulses via 4 electrodes.
Entonox - Nitrous Oxide
Injections - Pethidine / Meptid
- Morphine
- Anti-emetics always given |
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Term
Pain Relief:
Expalin an epidural procedure |
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Definition
| When a woman has an epidural in situe, she becomes a high risked women, there fore needs continuas monitoring, a catheter in situe, never to be positioned on her back. The epidural is inserted into the epidural space. |
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Term
Lactation:
Explain the steps of lactation |
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Definition
1) Placenta is expelled
2) Blood levels of oestrogen and progestrone decrease
3) Prolactin levels from anterior pituitary gland increase
4) Milk production begins
5) Stimulation causes secreation of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary gland
6) Myoepithelial cells contract
7) Milk is forced along the ducts to the ampullace then to the babies mouth where the milk is removed
8) Milk release is known as the let down reflex
9) Unconditional reflex, but can be conditioned. |
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Term
Lactation:
What does prolaction influence? |
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Definition
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Term
Lactation:
What does Oxytocin influence? |
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Definition
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Term
Lactation:
What are the timings of prolactin? |
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Definition
| Prolactin levels rise within 10 minutes of sucking and peak at 30 minutes. They then fall back down to basal levels within 3 hours |
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Term
Pelvis:
What are the 4 different kinds of pelvis? |
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Definition
1) Gynaecoid 50%
2) Platypelloid
3) Anthropoid 25%
4) Android |
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Term
Pelvis:
What is the 'best' kind of pelvis for labour and delivery? |
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Definition
Gynaecoidal
It is rounded at the brim
It is Shallow
Well curved sacrum
It has straight side walls
The ischial spines are blunt
it has a rounded sciatic notch
It has a sub-pubic angle at 90 degree or more. |
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Term
Pelvis:
What are the innominatee the bones? |
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Definition
Ilum
Ischium
Pubis
they all meet at the acetabulum |
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Term
Pelvic Floor:
Formed by the soft tissue which fill outlet of the pelvis
what 3 canals pass through the pelvic floor? |
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Definition
1) Rectum (anal)
2) Urethra
3) Vagina |
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Term
Pelvis:
What are the 6 layers of tissue? |
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Definition
1) Pelvic peritoneum
2) Pelvic fascia Thickened to form pelvic ligaments
3) Deep muscles enclosed in fascia
4) Superficial muscles enclosed in fascia
5) Subcutaneous fat
6) Outer covering of skin |
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Term
Pelvis:
Where are the tranverse cervical ligaments (Cardinal ligaments) |
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Definition
| Side of the cervix to walls of the pelvis |
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Term
Pelvis:
Where are the Uterosacral Ligaments? |
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Definition
| Backwards from the cervix to the sacrum |
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Term
Pelvis:
What are the pubocervical ligaments? |
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Definition
| from the cervix, under the bladder to the pelvix bones |
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Term
Structure and function of the breasts:
What are some basic facts about the breats? |
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Definition
Breasts not totally circular
2 hemispherfcal structures
extends from 2nd to 6th rib |
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Term
Structure and function of the breasts:
The nipple |
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Definition
Is at the 4th inercostal space
it is composed of connective tissue and smooth muscle fibres surrounding the lactiferous ducts
it is surrounded by the areola |
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Term
Structure and function of the breasts:
The areola |
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Definition
| Contains sebclceous gland (montgomerys tubercles) darker in colour of areola may be visual sign to the baby. helps the baby to know to close its mouth on the areola rather than the nipple. |
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Term
Structure and function of the breasts:
The purpose of the breast is to lactate
What are the 5 stages? |
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Definition
1) Embryogenesis (Breast enlarge during pregnancy)
2) Manimogenesis (Growth in breasts)
3) Lactogenesis (Milk secretion)
4) Lactation
5) Involution |
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Term
Structure and function of the breasts:
What is the midwives role within breast feeding? |
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Definition
skin to skin
antenatal education
help with correct positioning
attachemnt
- good attachemnt would be when more of the areola can be seen above the babies mouth than below, babies mouth should be wide, open lower lip turned outwards and chin touches the breast. |
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Term
Menstrual Cycle
Explain the menstrual cycle |
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Definition
1) Gonadotripohin releasing hormone (GRH)
2) Stimulates the release of the FSH from the anterior pituatry gland
3) which stimulates the initial development of the ovarrian folliculas and the secretion of oestrogen by the folicle.
4) Oestrogen - development of the endometrial lining of the uterus
Proliferactive phase of the menstrual cycle days 5-14
1) High levels of oestrogen that develop during the proliferactive phase excret a positive feedback directly on LH and GnRH
2) LH increases sharpy. FSH also increases
Ovulation - Day 14
1)Groafian follicle collapses. Corpus Lutem developing
Secretory Phase days 15-28
1) under influence of LH, Corpus lutem secrets oestrogen and progestrone
2) Progestrone works with oestrogen to prepare the endometrium for implantation of the fertilised ovum.
3) If fertilisation and implanation dosnt occur the rising levels of the progestrone and oestrogen from the corpus lutum inhibit GnRH and LH secretions.
4) During the latter secretory phase, FSH gradually increases and LH secretions decreases.
5) The corpus lutum degenerates and becomes corpus alblicians
the decreasing secretion of progestrone and oestrogen by the degenerating copus lutum then initiates another menstrual cycle.
6) Decreased levels of progestrone and oestrogen in the blood bring about a new output of the anterior pituitary hormones. thus a new ovarian cycle is initiated. |
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Term
Cardiovascular System:
What are the three main roles of the cardiovascular system? |
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Definition
1) Delivery of nutrients and oxygen
2) Removal of metablolic waste and CO2
3) Dissipation of heat from active tissue and redistrubtion of heat around the body. |
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Term
Cardiovascular System:
How many atria and ventricals does the heart have? |
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Definition
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Term
Cardiovascular System:
Which side is the tricuspid valve on? |
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Definition
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Term
Cardiovascular System:
Which side of the heart is the Bicuspid valve on? |
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Definition
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Term
The Fetal Skull:
What is the measurment of the suboccipolobrematic? |
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Definition
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Term
The Fetal Skull:
What is the measurment of the suboccipitofrontal |
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Definition
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Term
The Fetal Skull:
What is the measurment of the occipitofrontal |
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Definition
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Term
The Fetal Skull:
What is the measurment of the mentovertical |
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Definition
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Term
The Fetal Skull:
What is the measurment of the submentovertical |
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Definition
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Term
The Fetal Skull:
What is the measurment of the submentobragmatic |
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Definition
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Term
Amnioic Fluid
is also refered to as? |
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Definition
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Term
Amnioic Fluid
comes from where? |
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Definition
| comes from a filtrate of meternal blood and is later contributed to the fetus when it excretes urine. |
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Term
Amnioic Fluid
how often is it added to? |
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Definition
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Term
Amnioic Fluid
it is composed of what? |
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Definition
maternal blood filtrate
fetus urine
water (about 99%)
fetal epitheal cells
organic and inorganis salts e.g protiens, carbs, fats and hormones |
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Term
Amnioic Fluid
what does it do? |
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Definition
| it allows external growh of the ebroyo and fetus |
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Term
Amnioic Fluid
what is it a barrier to? |
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Definition
| infection and allows normal fetal lung development |
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Term
Placenta
what does the placenta do? |
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Definition
Respiration
Nutrition
Storage
Excretion
Endocrine
Prolective |
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Term
Placenta
The placenta has how many artries and veins |
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Definition
| it has 2 artries and one vein |
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Term
Minor disorders during pregnancy
Varicus Veins |
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Definition
Caused by relxation of vein walls by progestrone.
insufficient valves in veins
poor venous return from legs due to pelvic congestion
wear support times
light exercise
ankle exercises
elevate legs, avoid crossing legs |
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Term
Minor disorders during pregnancy
fainting |
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Definition
progestrone relaxing smooth muscle = descreased vascular resistance altering bp
pressure of the growing uterus on the vena cava- preventing venous return to the heart cardiac output is thus lowered.
avoid standing for long periods of time
avoid lying completely supline |
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Term
Minor disorders during pregnancy
Haemmorhoids |
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Definition
relaxation of veins of the anus, reduced venous return and constipation.
avoid constipation
increase fluids and roughage
you can apply topical ointments |
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Term
Minor disorders during pregnancy
Pica |
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Definition
Food cravings
no cause known... could be due to a change in the fetal mineral requirments changing. |
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Term
Minor disorders during pregnancy
Nausea and vomitting |
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Definition
HCG peaks in 1st trimester
progestrone relaxing smooth muscle tone
slowed gastric mortility and slow gastric empyting
rest and relaxation
small frequent meals
low fat easily digested carbs |
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Term
Minor disorders during pregnancy
Constipation |
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Definition
increased progestrone relaxes smooth muscle
longer time for water to be reabsorbed into the large intestine
increase fluid intake
maintain regular bowel habits
increase roughage
exercise |
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Term
Minor disorders during pregnancy
heartburn |
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Definition
progestrone muscle relaxes of cardiac sphincter between stomach and oesphogus
pressure of the uterus on diaghragm distorts stomach shape = increased intragastic pressure
avoid bending
sleep in a more upright position
balanced diet - aviod spicy food
small regular meals
antacids aftermeals and at bedtime |
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Term
Minor disorders during pregnancy
PyHism - spitting |
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Definition
common in afro-caribbean
excessive salivation equivalent to nvp |
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Term
Minor disorders during pregnancy
carpel tunnel syndrome |
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Definition
fluid retention
odema of connective tissue surrounding median nerve
splint at night |
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Term
Minor disorders during pregnancy
backache |
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Definition
relaxing effect of progestrone and relaxin on pelvic ligaments. postural changes and lumbar lordosis with overstretched abdominal muscles due to growing uterus.
pysio
advice on posture
flat shoes
advice on how to stand from the lying sitting position. |
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