Term
| The Principle of Contrast and Affinity |
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Definition
Contrast = Intensity
Affinity = Less Intensity |
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Term
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Definition
| Illustration of a 3D world on a 2D screen. |
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Term
| Depth Cues for Deep Space (12) |
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Definition
Perspective (most important!)
Size Difference
Movement
Textural Diffusion
Aerial Diffusion
Shape Change
Tonal Separation
Color Separation
Up/ Down Position
Overlap
Focus
3D Pictures |
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Term
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Definition
The lines at the top and bottom of the plane appear to meet at a vanishing point
Eg: Train tracks |
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Term
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Definition
When the viewing position is raised/ lowered, the sides are no longer parallel.
2 vanishing points: top/ bottom lines, and side lines.
Eg: Looking up at the side of a building
Corners of buildings
Corners of rooms
Enhances illusion of deep space |
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Term
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Definition
Eg: View of a tall building
Enhances illusion of deep space |
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Term
Size Difference
(Depth Cue of Deep Space) |
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Definition
| Farther away objects are smaller |
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Term
Object Movement
(Depth Cue of Deep Space) |
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Definition
Objects can move parallel or perpendicular to the picture plane
Parallel: Single object can't create deep space, but 2+ objects moving in different planes can.
Perpendicular: Single objects can create deep space |
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Term
| 3 Camera Movements that create deep space |
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Definition
Dolly: in/ out. The FG actor gets bigger faster than the BG.
Track (or dolly): left/ right. FG actor passes camera faster than BG.
Boom: up/down. FG actor passes more quickly to bottom of frame than BG. |
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Term
Textural Diffusion
(Depth cue of deep space) |
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Definition
| Objects showing more textural detail are closer |
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Term
Aerial Diffusion
(depth cue of deep space) |
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Definition
Particles like dust, fog, rain, etc that obscure the BG
Causes:
Loss in detail and texture
Lowers the picture's tonal contrast
Changes color of objects
Fog= gray |
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Term
Shape Change
(depth cue of deep space) |
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Definition
Apparent shape change = depth
Eg: windows at the top of a building are shaped differently |
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Term
Tonal Separation
(depth cue of deep space) |
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Definition
Lighter objects appear closer
Darker objects appear far away |
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Term
Color Separation
(depth cue of deep space) |
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Definition
Warm colors = closer
Cool colors = farther away |
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Term
Up/ Down Position
(depth cue of deep space) |
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Definition
objects high in the frame = far away
objects low in the frame = closer
Diagram 2 on page 41 for how horizon affects distance |
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Term
Focus
(depth cue of deep space) |
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Definition
| Blurred BG appears more distant, but the result is NOT deep space |
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Term
3D Pictures
(depth cue of deep space) |
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Definition
| parallax created by 2 screen images (one viewed by each eye) |
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Term
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Definition
Emphasizes 2D quality of screen surface
Frontal Planes
Size Constancy
Movement
Textural Diffusion
Aerial Diffusion
Tonal Separation
Color Separation
Up/ Down Position
Overlap
Focus |
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Term
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Definition
perspective, converging lines, and vanishing points must be eliminated.
frontal planes, not longitudinal ones. |
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Term
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Definition
| All similarly sized objects should be the same size and on the same plane (parallel to picture plane) |
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Term
Object Movement
Flat Space |
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Definition
| Objects move parallel to picture plane |
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Term
Camera Movements (3)
Flat Space |
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Definition
Pan: rotating the camera to the left or right of its horizontal axis.
Tilt: moves the camera on a vertical axis
Zoom: flat space equivalent of the dolly.
Enlarges everything at the same rate- no relative moving
**As objects blur, they become flat. |
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Term
Textural Diffusion
Flat Space |
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Definition
| All objects must have the same amount of textural detail |
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Term
Aerial Diffusion
Flat Space |
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Definition
| Diffusion must cover up all depth cues |
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Term
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Definition
| Objects should never change shape |
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Term
Tonal Separation
Flat Space |
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Definition
Reduction of the gray scale range
(because brighter objects seem closer and dark seem farther) |
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Term
Color Separation
Flat Space |
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Definition
| Warm/ cool range must be reduced |
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Term
Up/ Down Position
Flat Space |
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Definition
| All objects on the same frontal plane |
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Term
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Definition
| Objects shouldn't overlap |
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Term
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Definition
| Out of focus objects become flat |
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Term
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Definition
Switching the following turns deep space into flat:
Tonal Separation (bright in BG)
Color Separation (warm colors in BG)
Textural Diffusion (more textural detail in BG)
Size Difference (large objects in BG) |
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Term
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Definition
Combination of deep and flat space. Uses all depth cues but 2:
Longitudinal planes are replaced with flat, frontal planes
Perpendicular object movement is replaced with parallel movement
2-3 frontal planes |
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Term
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Definition
When the viewer is unable to understand the spatial relationships
Created by:
Lack of movement
Objects of unknown size/ shape
Camouflage
Mirrors/ Reflections
Disorienting camera angles
Creates anxiety, tension, confusion.
Thrillers/ horror movies |
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Term
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Definition
Ratio between width and height of a frame
Film: 1:33:1. "Full Aperture" or "Super 35"
Special effects, high resolution, easy to reposition image
Smaller than Full Aperture= Academy Aperture
Screen: 1:85:1. Shape of picture plane and the screen.
Imax and Omnimax: 65mm cameras with 70mm projectors.
1:3:1. |
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Term
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Definition
Anything that divides the frame into 2+ areas
Eg: split screen, doorway, tonal change in a wall, horizon |
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Term
| 4 Purposes of Surface Divisions |
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Definition
1. Emphasize similarities and differences
2. Help direct the eye to specific areas
3. Alter a picture's fixed aspect ratio
4. Comment on a story situation (make a character feel trapped) |
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Term
| Closed Space vs Open Space |
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Definition
Closed: Frame lines create closure
Open: Picture pushes past the frame lines.
Achieved by:
Large screens
Strong visual movement
1. Random, multidirecional that fills the frame
2. Movement in or out of the frame
3. Camera movement
Elimination of stationary lines |
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Term
| 7 perceptual types of lines |
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Definition
Edge
Contour
Closure
Intersection of planes
Imitation through distance
Axis
Track |
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Term
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Definition
| Line around borders of a 2D object |
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Term
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Definition
| Apparent line around the border of a 3D object |
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Term
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Definition
Primary points of interest in a picture (eg dots) create imaginary lines
Viewers connect the dots |
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Term
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Definition
| When 2 planes meet, they appear to create a line |
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Term
| Imitation through distance |
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Definition
| When an object is far away and appears to be a line |
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Term
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Definition
| Objects have an axis through them, perceived as a line |
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Term
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Definition
Path of a moving object
Actual or Virtual |
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Term
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Definition
| Reducing a picture to simple lines |
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Term
| Line: Contrast and Affinity |
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Definition
Orientation: angle of lines created by stationary objects
Horizontal, vertical, diagonal
Direction: angle of lines created by moving tracks
8 directions in which an object can move
Quality: linear or curvilinear
Certain adjectives and emotions are associated with quality |
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Term
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Definition
Basic: circle, square, equilateral triangle
Shapes are only basic if its unseen sides are same as seen
Round: indirect, passive, romantic, soft
Square: direct, ordered, linear, adult
Triangle: bold, aggressive, dynamic, angry |
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Term
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Definition
Brightness of objects
Directs audience's attention |
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Term
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Definition
Way to control the tone in a shot.
Controlling the brightness of a picture by controlling the actual reflectance value of objects
Eg: dark, light, contrasty
TV comedies use reflective control to solve technical problems |
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Term
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Definition
Way to control tone of a shot
Control the amount of light falling on objects |
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Term
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Definition
WAy of controlling the tone of a picture
Adjust the lens- as the f-stop is adjusted, the picture gets brighter or darker |
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Term
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Definition
The tonal range reveals the subject
Films, comedies |
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Term
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Definition
The tonal range obscures the subject
Horror, mystery, suspense films
Makes audience more aware of sound |
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Term
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Definition
Mixing colored light to produce a third
Theatrical lighting- spotlights |
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Term
| Primary Colors in the additive system |
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Definition
Red, Green, Blue
Red+Blue= Magenta
Green+Blue= Cyan
Red+Green= Yellow
When all three additive primaries are combined, they produce white |
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Term
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Definition
Mixing of pigments (paints, dyes) to produce a new color
Colors subtract wavelengths from each other |
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Term
| Subtractive System Color Wheel |
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Definition
Primary colors are magenta, yellow, cyan
Magenta+Yellow= Red
Yellow+Cyan= Green
Cyan+Magenta= Blue
Mixing yellow, cyan, magenta creates black
Colored filters on camera lenses and gels |
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Term
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Definition
Position of a color on the color wheel
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Cyan
Blue
Purple
Magenta |
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Term
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Definition
Value. Addition of white or black to the hue.
Position of color in relation to the gray scale. |
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Term
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Definition
Purity of a hue
Desaturation: saturated hue and its complementary color
When equal amounts of a color and its comp are mixed, they produce gray. |
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Term
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Definition
Red-magenta
Red
Orange Yellow |
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Term
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Definition
Blue-magenta
Blue
Green
Cyan
Yellow-green |
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Term
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Definition
| A color's brightness and physical proportion in relation to other colors. |
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Term
| Surrounding a color with white or black |
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Definition
White: color looks darker
Black: color looks lighter |
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Term
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Definition
If the proportion and distribution of the black or white changes in relation to the hue, the opposite result occurs.
Color surrounded by white appears lighter
Color surrounded by black appears darker |
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Term
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Definition
| A color appears brighter when placed around white and darker when placed around black |
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Term
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Definition
Opposites on the color wheel
When placed next to each other, their saturation increases |
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Term
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Definition
Neighbors on the color wheel
When placed next to each other, they appear to push apart in their position on the color wheel. |
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Term
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Definition
| After staring at one color for a while, your eyes create the complementary color- it tries to balance out and create white. |
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Term
| Color Scheme: Complementary Hues |
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Definition
Most common is blue/orange.
Each group is assigned one color. |
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Term
Color Scheme:
Split Complementary Hues |
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Definition
Three colors:
One color is split off into a pair of neighboring hues |
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Term
Color Scheme:
Three-Way Split |
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Definition
| Any three hues, usually equidistant around the color wheel |
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Term
Color Scheme:
Four Way Split |
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Definition
| 4 hues, equidistant around the color wheel |
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Term
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Definition
| Colors photograph differently from how they look in real life |
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Term
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Definition
Subtractive
Used on lenses and lighting |
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Term
Colors of:
Sunrise
Noon
Sunset |
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Definition
Sunrise: lavender
Noon: blue
Sunset: red |
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Term
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Definition
Film is exposed twice: once when the scene is photographed, and again in the lab.
Desaturation of color, lower contrast, hue cast |
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Term
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Definition
Altering the time the film is developed in the chemical
Pushing: leaving photo in for a longer time. Desaturation.
Bleach Bypass: adds density to darker tones, increases saturation. |
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Term
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Definition
Using clocks to control how long photo was in chemical solutions.
Hue changes.
Can't target one color. |
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Term
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Definition
| No 2 divisions will ever be the same size, yet they will relate back to the overall frame. |
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Term
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Definition
Timing done using computers.
Color control |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs only in the real world |
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Term
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Definition
When one stationary object is replaced by another, and movement is perceived
Film, lit arrows |
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Term
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Definition
When a moving object transfers its movement to a nearby stationary object.
Movement transfers to smaller, brighter object. |
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Term
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Definition
Movement of one object is gauged by its changing position to a second, stationary object.
Eg movement can't be created in a desert, but it can be in a forest |
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Term
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Definition
| 2D directions: horizontal, vertical, diagonal, circular |
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Term
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Definition
3D movement- moving towards or away from screen.
Object is moving in many different directions- eg car coming towards you, all sides are moving out. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Where an audience looks in a picture |
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Definition
1. Movement
2. Brightness
3. Most saturated color
4. Actors' eyes
5. Object with most visual component contrast |
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Term
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Definition
Alteration
Repetition
Tempo |
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Term
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Definition
| 9-area grid that indicates where the audience is looking |
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Term
| Ways of creating Primary Rhythm: |
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Definition
1. Entering and exiting the frame
2. moving in front of or behind another object
3. Moving and stopping
4. Changing direction |
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Term
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Definition
| When an entire object moves |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of part of an object that already generates primary rhythm |
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Term
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Definition
| When an editor makes a cut, a new rhythmic beat is produced |
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Term
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Definition
| character, story, time period |
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Term
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Definition
| defines how basic visual components are used |
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Term
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Definition
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