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Midterm
Terms for Midterm
30
Criminology
Undergraduate 1
11/10/2009

Additional Criminology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Career Criminals
Definition
Persistant repeat offenders who organize their lifestyle around criminality.
Term
Chronic Offenders
Definition
As defined by Marvin Wolfgang, Robert Figlio, and Thorsten Sellin, delinquents arrested five or more times before the age of 18 who commit disproportionate amount of all criminal offenses.
Term
National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
Definition
The nation's primary sourcee of information on criminal victimization. Each year, data from a national sample measure the frequency, characteristics, and consequences of criminal victimization by such crimes as rape, sexual assault, robbery, assault, theft, household burglary, and motor vehicle theft.
Term
National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
Definition
A new form of crime data collection created by the FBI requiring local police agencies to provide at least a brief account of each incident and arrest within 22 crime patterns, including the incident, victim, and offender information.
Term
Part I crimes
Definition
The crimes used by the FBI to gauge fluctuations in the overall volume and rate of crime. The offenses included are the violent crimes of murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault and the property crimes of burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson.
Term
Part II crimes
Definition
All other crimes reported to the FBI; these are less serious crimes and misdemeanors, excluding traffic violations.
Term
Self-Report Survey
Definition
A research approach that questions large groups of subjects, typically high school students, about teir own participation in deliquent or criminal acts.
Term
Uniform Crime Reports (UCRs)
Definition
The official crime data collected by the FBI from local police departments.
Term
Culture of poverty
Definition
The view that people in the lower class of society form a separate culture withi its own values and norms that are in conflict with those of conventional society.
Term
Deterrent
Definition
Preventing crime before it occurs by means of the threat of criminal sanctions.
Term
Developmental theories
Definition
A view of crime holding that as people travel through the life course, their experiences along the way influence behavior patterns. Behavior changes at each stage of the human experience.
Term
General deterrence
Definition
A crime control policy that depends on the fear of criminal penalties. General deterrence measures, such as long prison sentences for violent crimes, are aimed at convincing the potencial law violater that the pains associated with the crime outweigh the benefits.
Term
Latent trait theories
Definition
A view that human behavior is controlled by a master trait, present at birth or soon after, that influences and directs behavior.
Term
Social control theory
Definition
The view that most people do not violate the law because of their social bonds to family, peer group, school, and other institutions. If these bonds are weakened or absent, people become free to commit crime.
Term
Social learning theory
Definition
The view that human behavior is learned thrugh observation of human social interactions, either directly from those in close proximity or indirectly from the media.
Term
Social structure
Definition
The stratifications, classes, institutions, and groups thaat characterize a society.
Term
Specific deterrence
Definition
A crime control policy suggesting that punishment should be severe enough to convince convicted offenders never to repeat their criminal activity.
Term
Victim precipitation
Definition
The role of the victim in provoking or encouraging criminal behavior.
Term
actus reus
Definition
An illegal act, or failure to act, when legally required.
Term
civil law
Definition
All law that is not criminal including tort, contract, personal property, maritime, and commercial law.
Term
criminal law
Definition
The body of rules that defines crimes, set out their punishmentsm and mandate the procedures for carrying out the criminal justice process.
Term
ex post facto law
Definition
A law that makes an act criminal after it was committed or increases the penalty for a crime retroactively.
Term
excuse defenses
Definition
A defense in which a person states that his or her mental state was so impaired that he or she lacked the capacity to form sufficient intent to be held criminally responsible.
Term
mens rea
Definition
A guilty mind: the intent to commit a criminal act.
Term
procedural criminal law
Definition
The methods, mandated by federal and state constitutions, that must be followed in obtaining warrants, investigating offenses, effecting lawful arrests, conducting trials, introducing evidence, sentencing convicted offenders, and reviewing cases by appellate courts.
Term
stare decisis
Definition
To stand by decided cases: the legal principle by which the decision or holding in an earlier case becomes the standard by which subsequent similar cases are judged.
Term
substantive criminal law
Definition
A body of specific rules that declare what conduct is criminal and prescribe the punishment to be imposed for such conduct.
Term
torts
Definition
The law of personal injuries.
Term
cybercrime
Definition
Illegal behavior that targets the security of computer systems and/or the data accessed and processed by computer networks.
Term
cyberterrorism
Definition
Politically motivated attacks designed to compromise the electronic infrastructure of the enemy and to disrupt their economy.
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